{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T02:01:13Z","timestamp":1776477673063,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Monash University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Type 2 diabetes mellites is one of the health problems disproportionally affecting people with low socioeconomic statuses. Gestational diabetes mellites increases the risk of type 2 diabetes by up to ten-fold for women. Lifestyle interventions prevent type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes. However, it is unknown if similar effectiveness can be expected for all population subgroups. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevention of type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes using population characteristics according to the PROGRESS (place of residence, race\/ethnicity\/culture\/language, occupation, gender\/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social capital) criteria. Methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and EBM Reviews databases were searched for interventional studies of diet, physical activity, or behavioural interventions published up to 21 February 2023. Random effects subgroup meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association of population characteristics and intervention effects. Results: All studies were conducted in high-income countries or middle-income countries. Two-thirds of the studies reported on race\/ethnicity and education level. Less than one-third reported on place (urban\/rural), occupation, and socioeconomic status. None reported on religion or social capital. Studies from high-income countries (MD = \u22121.46; 95% CI: \u22122.27, \u22120.66, I2 = 70.46, p &lt; 0.001) showed a greater reduction in bodyweight compared with the studies conducted in middle-income countries (MD = \u22120.11; 95% CI: \u22121.12, 0.89, I2 = 69.31, p &lt; 0.001) (p for subgroup difference = 0.04). Conclusion: There are significant equity gaps in the evidence for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes due to reports on population characteristics being poor. Interventions may be less effective in reducing bodyweight in women from middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. Collecting and analysing data related to equity is needed to understand the effect of lifestyle interventions on type 2 diabetes for different population subgroups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:59:54Z","timestamp":1699009194000},"page":"4666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis through the Lens of Health Equity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gebresilasea Gendisha","family":"Ukke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems and Equity, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC 3128, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3616-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline A.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems and Equity, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC 3128, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Reja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Kit","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 264 Ferntree Gully Rd, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle Shi Min","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MD Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Alycia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 264 Ferntree Gully Rd, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Victoria, Suite G01\/15-31 Pelham St, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems and Equity, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC 3128, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","article-title":"Social determinants of health and diabetes: A scientific review","volume":"44","author":"Adler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IDF (2021). 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