{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T21:44:25Z","timestamp":1774475065638,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D status may impact acute affective symptomatology and the severity of symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Therefore, this cross-sectional study analyzed 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2D, and the vitamin D metabolite ratio (VMR) in BD and correlated the results with clinical affective symptomatology and functionality. The inactive precursor 25(OH)D, and its principal catabolite 24,25(OH)2D, were measured simultaneously with a validated liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method in 170 BD outpatients and 138 healthy controls. VMR was calculated as follows: VMR = 100\u00d7(24,25(OH)2D\/25(OH)D). The psychometric assessment comprised: Beck Depression Inventory-II, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning, and number of suicide attempts. We did not find a significant difference between patients and controls in the concentrations of 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D. Additionally, the VMR was comparable in both groups. The calculations for the clinical parameters showed a negative correlation between the Young Mania Rating Scale and 24,25(OH)2D (r = \u22120.154, p = 0.040), as well as the Young Mania Rating Scale and the VMR (r = \u22120.238, p = 0.015). Based on the small effect size and the predominantly euthymic sample, further exploration in individuals with manic symptoms would be needed to confirm this association. In addition, long-term clinical markers and an assessment in different phases of the disease may provide additional insights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:30:29Z","timestamp":1699842629000},"page":"4752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vitamin D Status in Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zita","family":"Sp\u00e4th","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelina","family":"Tmava-Berisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7215-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederike T.","family":"Fellendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Stross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Maget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Platzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne A.","family":"Bengesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9623-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"H\u00e4ussl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Zwigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Birner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Queissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5410-4214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Stix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Wels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Lenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Dalkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8653-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sieglinde","family":"Zelzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5964-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Z.","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125318769235","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for bipolar disorder","volume":"8","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wittchen, H.U., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., and Zaudig, M. (1997). SKID I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f\u00fcr DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische St\u00f6rungen. Interviewheft und Beurteilungsheft. Eine Deutschsprachige, Erweiterte Bearb. d. Amerikanischen Originalversion des SKID I, Hogrefe."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothenh\u00e4usler, H.B., and T\u00e4schner, K.L. (2012). Kompendium Praktische Psychiatrie, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1237-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00071","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Bipolar Depression","volume":"11","author":"Benedetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609487","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.609487","article-title":"Concepts of Neuroinflammation and Their Relationship with Impaired Mitochondrial Functions in Bipolar Disorder","volume":"15","author":"Cyrino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0897-8","article-title":"Medical Comorbidities in Bipolar Disorder","volume":"20","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reininghaus, B., Dalkner, N., Sch\u00f6rkhuber, C., Fleischmann, E., Fellendorf, F.T., Ratzenhofer, M., Maget, A., Platzer, M., Bengesser, S.A., and Tmava-Berisha, A. (2022). Nutrition, Overweight, and Cognition in Euthymic Bipolar Individuals Compared to Healthy Controls. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061176"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00076","article-title":"Weight Gain During Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (BD)\u2014Facts and Therapeutic Options","volume":"6","author":"Mangge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simjanoski, M., Patel, S., De Boni, R., Balanz\u00e1-Mart\u00ednez, V., Frey, B.N., Minuzzi, L., Kapczinski, F., and Cardoso, T.d.A. (2023). Lifestyle interventions for bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 152.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105257"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.032","article-title":"Relationship between sunlight and the age of onset of bipolar disorder: An international multisite study","volume":"167","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13712","article-title":"Inflammation in psychiatric disorders: What comes first?","volume":"1437","author":"Bauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.10.033","article-title":"The lullaby of the sun: The role of vitamin D in sleep disturbance","volume":"54","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steardo, L., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Carbone, E.A., Caivano, V., Di Cerbo, A., Giallonardo, V., Palummo, C., Vece, A., and Del Vecchio, V. (2020). Clinical Severity and Calcium Metabolism in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070417"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.02.002","article-title":"Vitamin D: Metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Christakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.082","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression","volume":"208","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0264","article-title":"Assessment of vitamin D status\u2014A changing landscape","volume":"55","author":"Herrmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9455","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202930","article-title":"Association of vitamin D metabolites with cognitive function and brain atrophy in elderly individuals\u2014The Austrian stroke prevention study","volume":"13","author":"Zelzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-022-00961-5","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolites: Analytical Challenges and Clinical Relevance","volume":"112","author":"Alonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2022-1267","article-title":"Assessing vitamin D metabolism\u2014Four decades of experience","volume":"61","author":"Herrmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Ko\u0142ota, A., Lachowicz, K., Skolmowska, D., Stacho\u0144, M., and Guzek, D. (2021). The Influence of Vitamin D Intake and Status on Mental Health in Children: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030952"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.039","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in bipolar disorder: Epidemiology and influence on disease activity","volume":"278","author":"Cereda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114782","article-title":"Therapeutic and mechanistic intervention of vitamin D in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"317","author":"Rihal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, X., and Eyles, D.W. (2022). Vitamin D and the Central Nervous System: Causative and Preventative Mechanisms in Brain Disorders. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204353"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e3155","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin d deficiency and psychophysiological variables: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"76","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.013","article-title":"Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) among psychiatric out-patients in Sweden: Relations with season, age, ethnic origin and psychiatric diagnosis","volume":"121","author":"Humble","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menkes, D.B., Lancaster, K., Grant, M., Marsh, R.W., Dean, P., and du Toit, S.A. (2012). Vitamin D status of psychiatric inpatients in New Zealand\u2019s Waikato region. BMC Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-68"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8nli, O., Kvamme, J.M., Jorde, R., and Wynn, R. (2014). Vitamin D deficiency is common in psychogeriatric patients, independent of diagnosis. BMC Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-134"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2018.19","article-title":"No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: Results from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Jorde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leser, B., Dalkner, N., Tmava-Berisha, A., Fellendorf, F.T., Unterrainer, H.-F., Stross, T., Maget, A., Platzer, M., Bengesser, S.A., and H\u00e4ussl, A. (2023). The Influence of Vitamin D Status on Cognitive Ability in Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Healthy Controls. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194111"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717824","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.717824","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome Impairs Executive Function in Bipolar Disorder","volume":"15","author":"Dalkner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fellendorf, F.T., Gostner, J.M., Lenger, M., Platzer, M., Birner, A., Maget, A., Queissner, R., Tmava-Berisha, A., Pater, C.A., and Ratzenhofer, M. (2021). Tryptophan Metabolism in Bipolar Disorder in a Longitudinal Setting. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111795"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.04.015","article-title":"Tryptophan breakdown and cognition in bipolar disorder","volume":"81","author":"Platzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12166","article-title":"Tryptophan breakdown is increased in euthymic overweight individuals with bipolar disorder: A preliminary report","volume":"16","author":"Reininghaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An Inventory for Measuring Depression","volume":"4","author":"BECK","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x","article-title":"Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A Rating Scale for Mania: Reliability, Validity and Sensitivity","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-0390-2","article-title":"Global assessment of psychosocial functioning in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"13","author":"Schorre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and Del Valle, H.B. (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin, D, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122394","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of 24,25- and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in serum samples with liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry\u2014A useful tool for the assessment of vitamin D metabolism","volume":"1158","author":"Zelzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0174-4","article-title":"Immunoneuropsychiatry\u2014Novel perspectives on brain disorders","volume":"15","author":"Pape","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.03.003","article-title":"Emotion regulation predicts symptoms of depression over five years","volume":"57","author":"Berking","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000580","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Adult Outpatients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Boerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0109-7","article-title":"Bipolar disorder in youth is associated with increased levels of vitamin D-binding protein","volume":"8","author":"Petrov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0110","article-title":"Vitamin D 3 Supplemental Treatment for Mania in Youth with Bipolar Spectrum Disorders","volume":"25","author":"Sikoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.04.039","article-title":"Mood disorders are associated with a more severe hypovitaminosis D than schizophrenia","volume":"229","author":"Belzeaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91622-5","article-title":"Glucocortcoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate","volume":"655","author":"Moghaddam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1424238","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between vitamin D and mania: Correlations between serum vitamin D levels and disease activity","volume":"72","author":"Altunsoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.07.021","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in bipolar depression: A double blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Marsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S316897","article-title":"A Literature Review of the Potential Impact of Medication on Vitamin D Status","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Wakeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.115.015735","article-title":"Adverse psychiatric effects of non-psychotropic medications","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJPsych Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24494","article-title":"Sunlight and Vitamin, D","volume":"5","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.4.7403","article-title":"Vitamin D Is an Important Factor in Estrogen Biosynthesis of Both Female and Male Gonads*","volume":"141","author":"Kinuta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(03)00036-4","article-title":"Gender differences in bipolar disorder","volume":"26","author":"Arnold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/22\/4752\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:21:37Z","timestamp":1760131297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/22\/4752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15224752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15224752","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]}}}