{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:51:31Z","timestamp":1790794291946,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Hospital Southampton and the University of Southampton","award":["701543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["701543"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adults with Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) may be at risk of micronutrient insufficiency in clinical remission through restrictive eating, malabsorption, abnormal losses or inflammation. This systematic review synthesises the literature on micronutrient insufficiency in CD in clinical remission in terms of the prevalence of low circulating micronutrient concentrations and as a comparison against a healthy control (HC). Studies were included if the population was predominantly in remission. A total of 42 studies met the inclusion criteria; 12 were rated as low quality, leaving 30 studies covering 21 micronutrients of medium\/high quality that were included in the synthesis. Vitamins D and B12 were the most frequently reported nutrients (8 and 11); there were few eligible studies for the remaining micronutrients. The prevalence studies were consistent in reporting individuals with low Vitamins A, B6, B12 and C, \u03b2-carotene, D, Magnesium, Selenium and Zinc. The comparator studies were inconsistent in finding differences with CD populations; Vitamin D, the most reported nutrient, was only lower than the HC in one-quarter of the studies. Adult CD populations are likely to contain individuals with low levels of one or more micronutrients, with the most substantial evidence for Vitamins D and B12. The studies on other micronutrients are of insufficient number, standardisation and quality to inform practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T11:04:32Z","timestamp":1699959872000},"page":"4777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Micronutrient Status in Adult Crohn\u2019s Disease during Clinical Remission: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7300-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Sartain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Westoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"Department of Dietetics, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Katarachia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"Department of Dietetics, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9495-9719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Health and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R. Fraser","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000585","article-title":"Dietary Practices and Beliefs in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"Limdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.05.013","article-title":"Malabsorption is a major contributor to underweight in Crohn\u2019s disease patients in remission","volume":"22","author":"Vaisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12400","article-title":"Patients with inflammatory bowel disease and their treating clinicians have different views regarding diet","volume":"30","author":"Holt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.08.017","article-title":"Vitamin B12 malabsorption in patients with limited ileal resection","volume":"22","author":"Duerksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.534S","article-title":"Burden of infection on growth failure","volume":"129","author":"Stephensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00200-1","article-title":"Micronutrients and outcome","volume":"13","author":"Shenkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"79","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiency: An underlying cause of morbidity and mortality","volume":"81","author":"Black","year":"2003","journal-title":"SciELO Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.11.013","article-title":"Nutritional status, body composition, and quality of life in community-dwelling sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults: A case-control study","volume":"36","author":"Verlaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540460039030","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project","volume":"277","author":"Graham","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju009","article-title":"European Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Iron Deficiency and Anaemia in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dignass","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crohn Colitis"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.12.027","article-title":"ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Forbes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz180","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Medical Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohn Colitis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.031","article-title":"STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD","volume":"160","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.919","article-title":"Comprehensive nutritional status in patients with long-standing Crohn disease currently in remission","volume":"67","author":"Geerling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1080\/003655299750024913","article-title":"The relation between antioxidant status and alterations in fatty acid profile in patients with Crohn disease and controls","volume":"34","author":"Geerling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601049","article-title":"Comprehensive nutritional status in recently diagnosed patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with population controls","volume":"54","author":"Geerling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000206541.15963.c3","article-title":"Nutritional deficiencies in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in remission","volume":"12","author":"Filippi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.05.010","article-title":"A prospective analysis of micronutrient status in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"40","author":"MacMaster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"34","article-title":"Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease is correlated with activity butlocalisationcalization or extent of the disease","volume":"32","author":"Schoelmerich","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198608000-00012","article-title":"Vitamin C status in 137 outpatients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Effect of diet counseling","volume":"8","author":"Imes","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)03218-1","article-title":"Iron, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and copper status in outpatients with Crohn\u2019s disease: Effect of diet counseling","volume":"87","author":"Imes","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600764","article-title":"Status of lipidsoluble antioxidants and TRAP in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and healthy controls","volume":"53","author":"Genser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005583606647","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greek patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"45","author":"Koutroubakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1080\/003655201317097146","article-title":"Reduced plasma antioxidant concentrations and increased oxidative DNA damage in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Bortolan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.4.473","article-title":"Low serum and bone vitamin K status in patients with longstanding Crohn\u2019s disease: Another pathogenetic factor of osteoporosis in Crohn\u2019s disease?","volume":"48","author":"Schoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.2.259","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and plasma antioxidant micronutrients in Crohn disease","volume":"74","author":"Wendland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40071.x","article-title":"Vitamin K status in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and relationship to bone turnover","volume":"99","author":"Duggan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-003-1338-x","article-title":"Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Tajika","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02446.x","article-title":"Seasonality of vitamin D status and bone turnover in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"McCarthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602395","article-title":"Determinants of vitamin D status in adult Crohn\u2019s disease patients, with particular emphasis on supplemental vitamin D use","volume":"60","author":"Gilman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03260.x","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinaemia is associated with osteoporosis in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Roblin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607107031004311","article-title":"Nutrition assessment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"31","author":"Vagianos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.03.018","article-title":"Malnutrition and impaired muscle strength in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in remission","volume":"24","author":"Valentini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.10.010","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of hyperhomocysteinemia in Tunisian patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Kallel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Crohn Colitis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.10.021","article-title":"Association of vitamin K deficiency with bone metabolism and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.08.002","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Crohn\u2019s disease: Prevalence, risk factors and supplement use in an outpatient setting","volume":"6","author":"Suibhne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Crohn Colitis"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21785","article-title":"Homocysteinemia and B vitamin status among adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A one-year prospective follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Vagianos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.836752","article-title":"Should we monitor vitamin B12 and folate levels in Crohn\u2019s disease patients?","volume":"48","author":"Bermejo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000436957.77533.b2","article-title":"Association of Circulating Vitamin D Concentrations with Intestinal but Not Systemic Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"19","author":"Garg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-145","article-title":"Dynamics of vitamin D in patients with mild or inactive inflammatory bowel disease and their families","volume":"12","author":"Grunbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.01.012","article-title":"Active Crohn\u2019s disease is associated with low vitamin D levels","volume":"7","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Crohn Colitis"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"51","article-title":"Does seasonal level of serum 25-OH vitamin D correlate with the activity of Crohn\u2019s disease?","volume":"127","author":"Kini","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.lpu","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in Romanian patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"24","author":"Lupu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i5.1614","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in Crohn\u2019s disease patients according to serum retinol levels and the relative dose-response test","volume":"21","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000559","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Functional Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Ward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1039665","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk for Moderate to Severe Disease Activity in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients in South Africa, Measured by the Harvey Bradshaw Index","volume":"35","author":"Swart","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000970","article-title":"Vitamin B-12 deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective observational pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Battat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1233577","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease: Prevalence and predictors in a Norwegian outpatient population","volume":"52","author":"Frigstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000489010","article-title":"High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2","author":"Caviezel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Intest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000488744","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in a Portuguese Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Prevalence and Relation to Disease Activity","volume":"26","author":"Branco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ge Port. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.07.006","article-title":"Impaired nutritional status in outpatients in remission or with active Crohn\u2019s disease\u2014Classified by objective endoscopic and imaging assessments","volume":"33","author":"Corona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy403","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study on Malnutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is There a Difference Based on Pediatric or Adult Age Grouping?","volume":"25","author":"Marcil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"45","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease: Prevalence and association with clinical-biological activity","volume":"111","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enfermedades Dig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15233","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015233","article-title":"The association between serum Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"98","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"109","article-title":"High Prevalence of Untreated and Undertreated Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"59","author":"Domislovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000226","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Weisshof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.01.007","article-title":"Altered status of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Hengstermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000546","article-title":"Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Pietropaoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000016","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels in Adults with Crohn\u2019s Disease Are Responsive to Disease Activity and Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Ham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrefai, D., Whiting, S.J., Vatanparast, H., Jones, J., El-Matary, W., Aljebreen, A., and Mirhosseini, N. (2017). The Association of Vitamin D Status with Disease Activity in a Cohort of Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients in Canada. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101112"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60304-9","article-title":"Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn\u2019s diseaserandomisedrandomised trial","volume":"371","author":"Baert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02175.x","article-title":"Effects of adalimumab maintenance therapy on health-related quality of life of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: Patient-reported outcomes of the CHARM trial","volume":"103","author":"Loftus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1258\/0004563001899429","article-title":"Effect of the inflammatory response on trace element and vitamin status","volume":"37","author":"Galloway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31828f1e86","article-title":"Micronutrient Status in Children With IBD: True Deficiencies or Epiphenomenon of the Systemic Inflammatory Response","volume":"56","author":"Gerasimidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5226","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency","volume":"349","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2005.06.004","article-title":"The relationship between plasma and red cell B-vitamin concentrations in critically-ill patients","volume":"24","author":"Quasim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.07.004","article-title":"The relationship between acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response and plasma ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation after elective hip arthroplasty","volume":"34","author":"Conway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/22\/4777\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:22:48Z","timestamp":1760131368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/22\/4777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15224777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15224777","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]}}}