{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:46:16Z","timestamp":1792507576893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.625387\/2021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.625387\/2021-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As GLP-1 receptor agonists, like semaglutide, emerge as effective treatments for weight management, anecdotal reports from patients and clinicians alike point to a reduction in what has been colloquially termed \u201cfood noise\u201d, as patients report experiencing less rumination and obsessive preoccupation about food. In this narrative review, we discuss concepts used in studies to investigate human eating behavior that can help elucidate and define food noise, particularly food cue reactivity. We propose a conceptual model that summarizes the main factors that have been shown to determine the magnitude of the reactivity elicited by external and internal food cues and how these factors can affect short- and long-term behavioral and clinical outcomes. By integrating key research conducted in this field, the Cue\u2013Influencer\u2013Reactivity\u2013Outcome (CIRO) model of food cue reactivity provides a framework that can be used in future research to design studies and interpret findings related to food noise and food cue reactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:49:47Z","timestamp":1700182187000},"page":"4809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0719-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Emond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Gilbert-Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5860-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rigby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis D.","family":"Masterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15077","article-title":"New insights into the treatment of obesity","volume":"25","author":"Aras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085799","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1085799","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity: Role as a promising approach","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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