{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:55:44Z","timestamp":1773762944256,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["832741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["832741"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease and represents a public health issue in Western industrialized countries [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:35:06Z","timestamp":1701056106000},"page":"4917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["New Insights into Nutrition and Gut\u2013Liver Axis: A Focus on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7845-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildefonso","family":"Rodriguez-Ramiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00381-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinella, M.E., Lazarus, J.V., Ratziu, V., Francque, S.M., Sanyal, A.J., Kanwal, F., Romero, D., Abdelmalek, M.F., Anstee, Q.M., and Arab, J.P. (2023). A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000696"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.01.009","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota and oxidative stress in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocarcinoma: Current and innovative therapeutic approaches","volume":"15","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02893","article-title":"Macrophage Function in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Mac Attack","volume":"10","author":"Oates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640869","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.640869","article-title":"Revisiting the Role of Natural Killer Cells in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"12","author":"Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0061-3","article-title":"Molecular phenomics and metagenomics of hepatic steatosis in non-diabetic obese women","volume":"24","author":"Hoyles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabk0855","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abk0855","article-title":"Risk assessment with gut microbiome and metabolite markers in NAFLD development","volume":"14","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115004218","article-title":"Polyphenols and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Impact and mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Vauzour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061021-030223","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Mechanisms and Clinical Use","volume":"43","author":"Spooner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Q., Li, Y., Dai, X., Wang, B., Zhang, J., and Cao, H. (2023). Polysaccharides: The Potential Prebiotics for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173722"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oca, A.P.M., Juli\u00e1n, M.T., Ramos, A., Puig-Domingo, M., and Alonso, N. (2020). Microbiota, fiber, and NAFLD: Is there any connection?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103100"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.10.002","article-title":"n-3 Fatty acids combined with flavan-3-ols prevent steatosis and liver injury in a murine model of NAFLD","volume":"1864","author":"Vauzour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.117","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations and complications in IBD","volume":"10","author":"Ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.039","article-title":"Increased risk of MAFLD and Liver Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Independent of Classic Metabolic Risk Factors","volume":"21","author":"Calleja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06588-6","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Common in IBD Patients However Progression to Hepatic Fibrosis by Noninvasive Markers Is Rare","volume":"66","author":"Ritaccio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/23\/4917\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:29:55Z","timestamp":1760131795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/23\/4917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15234917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15234917","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]}}}