{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:06:30Z","timestamp":1788444390243,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, impacting 4.9% of the population and more prevalent in Mediterranean communities, is a common enzymopathy with potential relevance to Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study investigated this association. Methods: The clinical characteristics of 7473 G6PD-deficient patients and 29,892 matched case\u2013controls (selected at a 1:4 ratio) from a cohort of 1,031,354 within the Leumit Health Services database were analyzed using Fisher\u2019s exact test for categorical variables and the Mann\u2013Whitney U test for continuous variables. Results: In total, 68.7% were male. The mean duration of follow-up was 14.3 \u00b1 6.2 years at a mean age of 29.2 \u00b1 22.3 years. G6PD deficiency was associated with an increased risk of being diagnosed with ADHD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.08\u20131.25], p &lt; 0.001), seeking care from adult neurologists (OR = 1.30 [95% CI, 1.22\u20131.38], p &lt; 0.001), and consulting adult psychiatrists (OR = 1.12 [95% CI, 1.01\u20131.24], p = 0.048). The use of stimulant medications among G6PD-deficient individuals was 17% higher for the methylphenidate class of drugs (OR = 1.17 [95% CI, 1.08, 1.27], p &lt; 0.001), and there was a 16% elevated risk for amphetamine use (OR = 1.16 [95% CI, 1.03, 1.37], p = 0.047). Conclusions: G6PD deficiency signals an increased risk of ADHD diagnosis, more severe presentations of ADHD and a greater need for psychiatric medications to treat ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T03:53:52Z","timestamp":1701230032000},"page":"4948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Association between Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5469-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Merzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40776, Israel"},{"name":"Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7713-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli","family":"Magen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine A, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheba 84990, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shai","family":"Ashkenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40776, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Weizman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Biological Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Manor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADHD Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4046-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Krone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9435-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilan","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avivit","family":"Golan-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Vinker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4389-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 64738, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Disease Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100630","article-title":"Interaction of genetic liability for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and perinatal inflammation contributes to ADHD symptoms in children","volume":"30","author":"Takahashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. 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