{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:22:35Z","timestamp":1791922955976,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most adverse reactions to food are patient self-reported and not based on validated tests but nevertheless lead to dietary restrictions, with patients believing that these restrictions will improve their symptoms and quality of life. We aimed to clarify the myths and reality of common food intolerances, giving clinicians a guide on diagnosing and treating these cases. We performed a narrative review of the latest evidence on the widespread food intolerances reported by our patients, giving indications on the clinical presentations, possible tests, and dietary suggestions, and underlining the myths and reality. While lactose intolerance and hereditary fructose intolerance are based on well-defined mechanisms and have validated diagnostic tests, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity and fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) intolerance are mainly based on patients\u2019 reports. Others, like non-hereditary fructose, sorbitol, and histamine intolerance, still need more evidence and often cause unnecessary dietary restrictions. Finally, the main outcome of the present review is that the medical community should work to reduce the spread of unvalidated tests, the leading cause of the problematic management of our patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T09:37:54Z","timestamp":1701337074000},"page":"4969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Myths and Facts about Food Intolerance: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Zingone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale\u2014Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale\u2014Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Maniero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Palo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9378-2117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Lorenzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigida","family":"Barberio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale\u2014Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Ciacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3187-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo Vincenzo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35124 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale\u2014Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90234-8","article-title":"A Population Study of Food Intolerance","volume":"343","author":"Young","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.05.047","article-title":"Prevalence of Sensitization to Food Allergens, Reported Adverse Reaction to Foods, Food Avoidance, and Food Hypersensitivity among Teenagers","volume":"116","author":"Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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