{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:27:46Z","timestamp":1788917266511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/MICINN of Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/01758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) \u201cA way to build Europe\u201d","award":["PI20\/01758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/01758"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Evaluation of the influence of potential risk factors (RFs) on glycemic changes at 3 years postpartum. Methods: The glycemic status of 1400 women, in absence of a new pregnancy, was evaluated at 3 months (3 m) and 3 years (3 y) postpartum, after participation in the St. Carlos Gestational Study (2228 normoglycemic pregnant women followed from before gestational week 12 to delivery, from 2015\u20132017). Abnormal glucose regulation (AGR) was defined as fasting serum glucose \u2265 100 mg\/dL and\/or HbA1c \u2265 5.7% and\/or 2 h 75 g OGTT glucose \u2265 140 mg\/dL. In total, 12 modifiable and 3 unmodifiable RFs were analyzed. Results: 3 m postpartum, 110\/1400 (7.9%) women had AGR; 3 y postpartum, 137 (9.8%) women exhibited AGR (110 with 3 m normal glucose tolerance [NGT]); 1263 (90.2%) had NGT (83 with 3 m AGR). More women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) progressed to AGR at 3 y (OR: 1.60 [1.33\u20131.92]) than women without GDM. Yet, most women with 3 m and\/or 3 y AGR had no GDM history. Having \u22652 unmodifiable RFs was associated with increased risk for progression to AGR (OR: 1.90 [1.28\u20132.83]) at 3 y postpartum. Having &gt;5\/12 modifiable RFs was associated with increased progression from NGT to AGR (OR: 1.40 [1.00\u20132.09]) and AGR persistence (OR: 2.57 [1.05\u20136.31]). Pregestational BMI \u2265 25 kg\/m2 (OR: 0.59 [0.41\u20130.85]), postdelivery weight gain (OR: 0.53 [0.29\u20130.94]), and waist circumference &gt; 89.5 cm (OR: 0.54 [0.36\u20130.79]) reduced the likelihood of NGT persisting at 3 y. Conclusions: 3-month and\/or 3-year postpartum AGR can be detected if sought in women with no prior GDM. Modifiable and unmodifiable RF predictors of AGR at 3 y postpartum were identified. Universal screening for glycemic alterations should be considered in all women following delivery, regardless of prior GDM. These findings could be useful to design personalized strategies in women with risk factors for 3 y AGR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T10:39:48Z","timestamp":1701427188000},"page":"4995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modifiable Risk Factors and Trends in Changes in Glucose Regulation during the First Three Years Postdelivery: The St Carlos Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-1223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Arnoriaga-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Melero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barabash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UCM School of Medicine, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Valerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio Martin","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paz","family":"de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UCM School of Medicine, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UCM School of Medicine, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Familiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Moraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UCM School of Medicine, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Torrejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Martinez-Novillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Runkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UCM School of Medicine, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4782-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pazos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UCM School of Medicine, Medicina II Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Matia-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UCM School of Medicine, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S254","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S015","article-title":"15. 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