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Ehrnrooth\u2019s Foundation","award":["#NNFOC0013659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNFOC0013659"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010129","name":"Maud Kuistila Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#NNFOC0013659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNFOC0013659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007417","name":"Paulo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#NNFOC0013659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNFOC0013659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010113","name":"Wilhelm and Else Stockmann Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#NNFOC0013659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNFOC0013659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010113","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#NNFOC0013659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNFOC0013659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#NNFOC0013659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNFOC0013659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ketogenic diets (KDs) have been studied in preclinical models of intestinal diseases. However, little is known of how the fat source of these diets influences the intestinal barrier. Herein, we studied the impact of four-week feeding with KD high either in saturated fatty acids (SFA-KD) or polyunsaturated linoleic acid (LA-KD) on paracellular permeability of the intestine to iohexol in healthy male C57BL\/6J mice. We investigated jejunal and colonic tight junction protein expression, histological changes, and inflammatory markers (Il1b, Il6, Tnf, and Lcn2), as well as the activity and expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in feces and jejunal tissue, respectively, and plasma lipopolysaccharide. KDs did not change intestinal permeability to iohexol after two or twenty-six days of feeding regardless of fat quality. SFA-KD, but not LA-KD, upregulated the colonic expression of tight junction proteins claudin-1 and -4, as well as the activity of IAP. Both KDs resulted in increased epithelial vacuolation in jejunum, and this was pronounced in SFA-KD. Jejunal Il1\u03b2 expression was lower and colonic Il6 expression higher in LA-KD compared to SFA-KD. In colon, Tnf mRNA was increased in LA-KD when compared to controls. Overall, the results suggest that KDs do not influence intestinal permeability to iohexol but elicit changes in colonic tight junction proteins and inflammatory markers in both jejunum and colon. Future research will show whether these changes become of importance upon proinflammatory insults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T07:20:31Z","timestamp":1703056831000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ketogenic Diet High in Saturated Fat Promotes Colonic Claudin Expression without Changes in Intestinal Permeability to Iohexol in Healthy Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1297-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotta","family":"Toivio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Launonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jere","family":"Lind\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"Lehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Institute of Genetics, Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Vapaatalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3418-152X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Salmenkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Institute of Genetics, Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Korpela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000 Faculty Rev-69","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20510.1","article-title":"All disease begins in the (leaky) gut: Role of zonulin-mediated gut permeability in the pathogenesis of some chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Fasano","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2003.09.032","article-title":"Effects of enteral supplementation with glutamine granules on intestinal mucosal barrier function in severe burned patients","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1947-9","article-title":"Glutamine and whey protein improve intestinal permeability and morphology in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Benjamin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. 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