{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:45:28Z","timestamp":1787499928357,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) at a young age often precedes the development of food allergies. Although AD affects millions of infants worldwide, prenatal and postnatal risk factors, and their association with the development of food allergies later on, are not fully elucidated. This study seeks to investigate AD epidemiology in infancy and its risk factors, examining early-life factors (both prenatal and postnatal) that could contribute to the later development of food allergies. Methods: Between January 2019 and December 2019, 501 infants were included in this prospective cohort study. Longitudinal data collection was performed through maternal interviews, the first one conducted within three days after the delivery and the second within 24 to 36 months after the delivery, encompassing variables such as demographics, family history of atopy, maternal smoking, antibiotic use during pregnancy, the mode of delivery, breastfeeding history, food practices, and greenness exposure within 3 days from delivery, while they were still in the hospital. Results: Maternal smoking during pregnancy (p = 0.001) and an older sibling atopy history (p = 0.03) was significantly linked to AD incidence. Cesarean section delivery (p = 0.04) was associated with a higher risk of food allergies in infants with AD. Having a garden at home correlated with a higher likelihood of AD (p = 0.01), and food elimination without medical guidance (p = 0.02) due to AD correlated with an elevated risk of food allergies. Conclusions: Encouraging timely allergenic food introduction while promoting dietary diversity, rich in plant-based foods, maternal smoking cessation, and professional dietary guidance may help minimize AD and food allergy risk. Future studies should address the role of greenness in the development of AD and food allergies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1703071473000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nurturing Infants to Prevent Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergies: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-5908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Vassilopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Rallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio Paolo","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9026-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavriela","family":"Feketea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, \u201cKaramandaneio\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital of Patra, 26331 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lithoxopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, \u201cPapageorgiou\u201d General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Stefanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Venizeleion General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1090-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fani","family":"Ladomenou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4037-4421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Douladiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8121-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caoimhe","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3691-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Codruta Alina","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Abilities Human Sciences, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 40012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Corina","family":"Bocsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Tsabouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14891","article-title":"Consensus-based european guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: Part I","volume":"32","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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