{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:02:28Z","timestamp":1793037748413,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia is an age-related clinical complaint characterized by the progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and strength over time. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with faster and more relevant skeletal muscle impairment. Both conditions influence each other, leading to negative consequences on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, general health status, risk of falls, frailty, overall quality of life, and mortality. PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for research articles, scientific reports, observational studies, clinical trials, narrative and systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to review the evidence on the pathophysiology of di-abetes-induced sarcopenia, its relevance in terms of glucose control and diabetes-related outcomes, and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The review comprehensively addresses key elements for the clinical definition and diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia, the pathophysiological correlation be-tween T2D, sarcopenia, and related outcomes, a critical review of the role of antihyperglycemic treatment on skeletal muscle health, and perspectives on the role of specific treatment targeting myokine signaling pathways involved in glucose control and the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism and trophism. Prompt diagnosis and adequate management, including lifestyle inter-vention, health diet programs, micronutrient supplementation, physical exercise, and pharmaco-logical treatment, are needed to prevent or delay skeletal muscle deterioration in T2D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T03:42:12Z","timestamp":1703475732000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Sarcopenia and Diabetes: A Detrimental Liaison of Advancing Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Eugenia","family":"Disoteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Sant Anna Hospital, 22020 San Fermo della Battaglia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"De Tullio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0271-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"De Geronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Clinical Diagnostic Center Morgagni, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7073-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito Angelo","family":"Giagulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Monzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Jirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Cozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Guastamacchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"De Pergola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Nutrition for the Research and the Care of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Triggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Clinical definition of sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Santilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x","article-title":"Low Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia) in Older Persons Is Associated with Functional Impairment and Physical Disability","volume":"50","author":"Janssen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110801","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia as a comorbid disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Pacifico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00742-y","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Risk of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782391","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.782391","article-title":"The Association Between Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Sarcopenia: Accumulated Evidences From Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365189","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1365189","article-title":"Association between Sarcopenia and Renal Function in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Ida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14462","article-title":"Association between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wannarong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab884","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.662","article-title":"Skeletal muscle lipid deposition and insulin resistance: Effect of dietary fatty acids and exercise","volume":"85","author":"Corcoran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77812","article-title":"The pathogenesis of insulin resistance: Integrating signaling pathways and substrate flux","volume":"126","author":"Samuel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70034-8","article-title":"Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2010.04.004","article-title":"Models of accelerated sarcopenia: Critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Buford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","article-title":"Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders","volume":"55","author":"Rohm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2121247","article-title":"Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Aging","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00700","article-title":"Microbiome Composition and Its Impact on the Development of Allergic Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Peroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09798-1","article-title":"Contribution of the microbiome for better phenotyping of people living with obesity","volume":"24","author":"Bonfrate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.10.003","article-title":"Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: Where we are and where to go?","volume":"63","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i42.4750","article-title":"Gut microbiota in common elderly diseases affecting activities of daily living","volume":"24","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1174-1","article-title":"Low Dietary Protein Intakes and Associated Dietary Patterns and Functional Limitations in an Aging Population: A NHANES Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101654","article-title":"Association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of prevalent type 2 diabetes and incident prediabetes: A prospective cohort study using data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)","volume":"53","author":"McCarthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupisz-Urba\u0144ska, M., P\u0142udowski, P., and Marcinowska-Suchowierska, E. (2021). Vitamin D Deficiency in Older Patients\u2014Problems of Sarcopenia, Drug Interactions, Management in Deficiency. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041247"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad225","article-title":"Hormones and Aging: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"108","author":"Cappola","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"809","article-title":"The interplay between muscle mass decline, obesity, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"129","author":"Maliszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S340537","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Menopausal Women: Current Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Buckinx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.4158\/EP171795.RA","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An Endocrine Disorder?","volume":"23","author":"McKee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00568","article-title":"Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01949-1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in older people with sarcopenia defined according to EWGSOP2 and FNHI criteria","volume":"34","author":"Remelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06498.x","article-title":"Body Composition in Healthy Aging","volume":"904","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50508.x","article-title":"Percentage of Body Fat and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Mobility Limitations in People Aged 70 and Older from NHANES III","volume":"50","author":"Davison","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c37d","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: Definition, cause and consequences","volume":"11","author":"Stenholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.-H., and Choi, K.M. (2020). Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020494"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S186600","article-title":"Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"12","author":"Mesinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obesity: Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01027-8","article-title":"Association of skeletal muscle mass and its change with diabetes occurrence: A population-based cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0435","article-title":"Relative Muscle Mass Is Inversely Associated with Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes. Findings from The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"96","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulett, N.A., Scalzo, R.L., and Reusch, J.E.B. (2022). Glucose Uptake by Skeletal Muscle within the Contexts of Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise: An Integrated Approach. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030647"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c190029","article-title":"Role of Skeletal Muscle in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Uptake","volume":"10","author":"Merz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.002113","article-title":"Dynamics of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome during Myoblast Differentiation","volume":"9","author":"Henningsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320724","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/320724","article-title":"Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin\u2014Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise","volume":"2013","author":"Raschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0177-9","article-title":"Can physical activity ameliorate immunosenescence and thereby reduce age-related multi-morbidity?","volume":"19","author":"Duggal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.11.001","article-title":"Nutrition and Muscle in Cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Anand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20123-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: Implications in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Sartori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"392","article-title":"Mechanisms of sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis and the role of myokines","volume":"36","author":"Geladari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.02.006","article-title":"Role of myokines in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and related metabolic defects in type 2 diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Garneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4927-9","article-title":"Myokines in metabolic homeostasis and diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Eckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2895-y","article-title":"Associations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"26","author":"Gianoudis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000357332","article-title":"Sedentary behavior as a mediator of type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Hamilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3224-x","article-title":"Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Eckardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp196","article-title":"Effects of Age and Sedentary Lifestyle on Skeletal Muscle NF- B Signaling in Men","volume":"65","author":"Buford","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000185","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000185","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"4","author":"Joseph","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, C., Liu, R.-Y., Zhang, G.-W., Hu, F., Jin, Y.-H., and Liu, B.-Y. (2023). Possible sarcopenia and risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults in China: A 7-year longitudinal cohort study. BMC Geriatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04104-9"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13190","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with a greater risk of polypharmacy and number of medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.039","article-title":"Sarcopenia with co-existent type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with worse clinical outcomes among hospitalised cardiac patients","volume":"46","author":"Sundar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12065","article-title":"Accelerometer-determined physical activity, muscle mass, and leg strength in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"7","author":"Foong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.04.006","article-title":"The association between physical activity and reduced body fat lessens with age \u2014 Results from a cross-sectional study in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"55","author":"Foong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14302","article-title":"Effects and contents of nutrition education relating to sarcopenia and frailty for Japanese older adults: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Yaegashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Look AHEAD Research Group, Earnest, C.P., Church, T.S., Lee, D., Jacobs, D.R., Lind, L., Lind, P.M., Normand, M.P., Gibson, J.L., and Yeh, H. (2006). The Look AHEAD Study: A Description of the Lifestyle Intervention and the Evidence Supporting It. Obesity, 14, 737\u2013752.","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.84"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.11.002","article-title":"Effects of home-based tele-exercise on sarcopenia among community-dwelling elderly adults: Body composition and functional fitness","volume":"87","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13141","article-title":"Irisin ameliorates age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00538-4","article-title":"Interleukin 6 as an energy allocator in muscle tissue","volume":"4","author":"Kistner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40435-2","article-title":"Myonectin protects against skeletal muscle dysfunction in male mice through activation of AMPK\/PGC1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"14","author":"Ozaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minniti, G., Pescinini-Salzedas, L.M., Minniti, G.A.d.S., Laurindo, L.F., Barbalho, S.M., Sinatora, R.V., Sloan, L.A., Haber, R.S.d.A., Ara\u00fajo, A.C., and Quesada, K. (2022). Organokines, Sarcopenia, and Metabolic Repercussions: The Vicious Cycle and the Interplay with Exercise. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113452"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3668","article-title":"Circulating Follistatin Is Liver-Derived and Regulated by the Glucagon-to-Insulin Ratio","volume":"101","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2010-0127","article-title":"Regulation of Muscle Mass by Follistatin and Activins","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., He, H., Shen, X., Tang, S., Zhao, J., Cao, X., Han, S., Cui, C., Chen, Y., and Wei, Y. (2020). MicroRNA Profiling Reveals an Abundant miR-200a-3p Promotes Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Development by Targeting TGF-\u03b22 and Regulating the TGF-\u03b22\/SMAD Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093274"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876078","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.876078","article-title":"Myostatin and its Regulation: A Comprehensive Review of Myostatin Inhibiting Strategies","volume":"13","author":"Baig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.10.043","article-title":"Smad2 and Smad3 expressed in skeletal muscle promote immobilization-induced bone atrophy in mice","volume":"582","author":"Umezu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155597","article-title":"Current and investigational medications for the treatment of sarcopenia","volume":"149","author":"Rolland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101731","article-title":"Protein intake and physical function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Calvani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02465-0","article-title":"Relationship between monounsaturated fatty acids and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diao, H., Yan, F., He, Q., Li, M., Zheng, Q., Zhu, Q., Fang, F., and Cui, W. (2023). Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010219"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-1919-8","article-title":"The Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Aging Biomarkers\/Conditions: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Jalili","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101395","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between adherence to Mediterranean diet with physical performance and cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa011","article-title":"Nutritional interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older people: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"79","author":"Gielen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1196-8","article-title":"Exercise Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. A Systematic Umbrella Review","volume":"23","author":"Delaere","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Heal. Aging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.12.009","article-title":"Exercise, Nutrition, and Combined Exercise and Nutrition in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13225","article-title":"Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cienfuegos, S., Corapi, S., Gabel, K., Ezpeleta, M., Kalam, F., Lin, S., Pavlou, V., and Varady, K.A. (2022). Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112343"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittaker, J., and Wu, K. (2021). Low-fat diets and testosterone in men: Systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 210.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105878"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000482","article-title":"The Association between Popular Diets and Serum Testosterone among Men in the United States","volume":"203","author":"Fantus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060221083079","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate diets and men\u2019s cortisol and testosterone: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Whittaker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060221132922","article-title":"High-protein diets and testosterone","volume":"29","author":"Whittaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, C.d.S., da Costa, C.M., Souto, J.C.S., Chiogna, L.M., Santos, Z.E.d.A., Rhoden, E.L., and Neto, B.S. (2023). The effects of a low carbohydrate diet on erectile function and serum testosterone levels in hypogonadal men with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. BMC Endocr. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01278-6"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03195-5","article-title":"Ketogenic state improves testosterone serum levels\u2014Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Furini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01834","article-title":"Effect of Estrogen on Musculoskeletal Performance and Injury Risk","volume":"9","author":"Baar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530323666230330121301","article-title":"Endocrine, Metabolic, and Immune Pathogenesis of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Is there a Therapeutic Role in Natural Products?","volume":"23","author":"Lisco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5152\/eajm.2011.24","article-title":"Benefits of Estrogen Replacement for Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Post-Menopausal Females: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies","volume":"43","author":"Tiidus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660498","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.660498","article-title":"Vitamin D Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Mitochondrial Health","volume":"12","author":"Latham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1258","article-title":"The association between blood concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and sarcopenia: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.07.035","article-title":"Antioxidant-rich foods, antioxidant supplements, and sarcopenia in old-young adults \u226555 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"Valls","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2021.01.002","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D plus protein supplementation on sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"145","author":"Gkekas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S.-H., Chen, K.-H., Chen, C., Chu, W.-C., and Kang, Y.-N. (2021). The Optimal Strategy of Vitamin D for Sarcopenia: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103589"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.05.011","article-title":"Whey Protein Supplementation with or without Vitamin D on Sarcopenia-Related Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Nasimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Int. Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, M.C., and Choo, Y.J. (2023). Effects of Whey Protein, Leucine, and Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030521"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900267","article-title":"The metabolism of vitamin D3 in response to testosterone","volume":"60","author":"Otremski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.262","article-title":"Vitamin D and male reproduction","volume":"10","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146589","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor affects male mouse fertility via regulation of lipid metabolism and testosterone biosynthesis in testis","volume":"834","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt, R., Yahyavi, S.K., Kooij, I., Poulsen, N.N., Juul, A., J\u00f8rgensen, N., and Jensen, M.B. (2023). Effects of vitamin D on sex steroids, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone to luteinizing hormone ratio in 307 infertile men. Andrology, in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13505"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"49","article-title":"Relationship of Vitamin D status with testosterone levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Martorella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01118.x","article-title":"Testosterone increases serum 1,25\u2013dihydroxyvitamin D and insulin-like growth factor-I in hypogonadal men","volume":"15","author":"Hagenfeldt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0875-3","article-title":"Investigating the effect of testosterone by itself and in combination with letrozole on 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and FGF23 in male rats","volume":"42","author":"Saki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1269854","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Levels in Men","volume":"43","author":"Pilz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01428","article-title":"Vitamin D and Testosterone in Healthy Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"102","author":"Lerchbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-1-57","article-title":"Does 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Participate in the Regulation of Hormone Release from Endocrine Glands?","volume":"60","author":"Hochberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1690","article-title":"Testicular Synthesis and Vitamin D Action","volume":"99","author":"Hofer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S009","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.09.119","article-title":"Metformin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in Grx1 KO mice by regulating intramuscular lipid accumulation and glucose utilization","volume":"533","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872745","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.872745","article-title":"Potential Benefits of Combined Statin and Metformin Therapy on Resistance Training Response in Older Individuals","volume":"13","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865524","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.865524","article-title":"The Function of Metformin in Aging-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5294266","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5294266","article-title":"Metformin and tBHQ Treatment Combined with an Exercise Regime Prevents Osteosarcopenic Obesity in Middle-Aged Wistar Female Rats","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2016.1152432","article-title":"Metformin attenuates transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) mediated oncogenesis in mesenchymal stem-like\/claudin-low triple negative breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Harrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12246","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M805379200","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2\/Smad3 Signaling Regulates Insulin Gene Transcription and Pancreatic Islet \u03b2-Cell Function","volume":"284","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1402","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00341.2022","article-title":"Pathophysiological levels of GDF11 activate Smad2\/Smad3 signaling and induce muscle atrophy in human iPSC-derived myocytes","volume":"323","author":"Honda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2015.09.006","article-title":"Palmitate activates mTOR\/p70S6K through AMPK inhibition and hypophosphorylation of raptor in skeletal muscle cells: Reversal by oleate is similar to metformin","volume":"118","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12833","article-title":"Metformin induces muscle atrophy by transcriptional regulation of myostatin via HDAC6 and FoxO3a","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18708","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018708","article-title":"A cross-sectional study: Associations between sarcopenia and clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"99","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00707-7","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-023-01042-4","article-title":"Repurposing Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus as Potential Pharmacological Treatments for Sarcopenia\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"40","author":"Witham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979837","article-title":"Mechanisms of the Glycaemic Effects of Sulfonylureas","volume":"28","author":"Ashcroft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.38.11.1343","article-title":"Postreceptor effects of sulfonylurea on skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in type II diabetic patients","volume":"38","author":"Bak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12838","article-title":"Anti-diabetic drugs and sarcopenia: Emerging links, mechanistic insights, and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"303","article-title":"The mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the management of diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Bischoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01151-6","article-title":"Association of Acarbose with Decreased Muscle Mass and Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2013.10.002","article-title":"The Effects of Gliclazide, Metformin, and Acarbose on Body Composition in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin Exp."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.03.004","article-title":"Mechanism of action of inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4)","volume":"23","author":"Thornberry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00482-9","article-title":"The incretin effect in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes: Physiology, pathophysiology, and response to therapeutic interventions","volume":"4","author":"Meier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630019295","article-title":"An update on diagnosis and therapeutics for type-2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Shyamaladevi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3353","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3353","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of dapagliflozin vs. DPP-4 inhibitors on a composite endpoint of HbA1c, body weight and blood pressure reduction in the real world","volume":"37","author":"Morieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13564","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13564","article-title":"Endogenous dipeptidyl peptidase IV modulates skeletal muscle arteriolar diameter in rats","volume":"6","author":"Neidert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.09.043","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition upregulates GLUT4 translocation and expression in heart and skeletal muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"698","author":"Giannocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Li, Y., Shi, S., Xu, X., Wu, H., Zhang, B., and Song, Q. (2022). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling in heart failure: An update on mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Biomed. Pharmacother., 155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113833"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1400","article-title":"Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-IV Inhibition Augments Postprandial Lipid Mobilization and Oxidation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"94","author":"Boschmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw182","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improved exercise capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice with heart failure via activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling","volume":"111","author":"Takada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111472","article-title":"Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, on muscle in spontaneously diabetic torii fatty rats","volume":"539","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-015-0033-y","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 modulates denervation-induced mitophagy in skeletal muscle","volume":"5","author":"Vainshtein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060519885569","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519885569","article-title":"Effect of sitagliptin on expression of skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 coactivator-1\u03b1 and irisin in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4716-x","article-title":"Effect of sitagliptin on energy metabolism and brown adipose tissue in overweight individuals with prediabetes: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Nahon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2019.05.002","article-title":"Sitagliptin improves diastolic cardiac function but not cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Scalzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.12.3479","article-title":"Rosiglitazone but Not Metformin Enhances Insulin- and Exercise-Stimulated Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Virtanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2691","article-title":"Troglitazone Treatment Increases Protein Kinase B Phosphorylation in Skeletal Muscle of Normoglycemic Subjects at Risk for the Development of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Meyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2.443","article-title":"Troglitazone but not Metformin Restores Insulin-Stimulated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activity and Increases p110\u03b2 Protein Levels in Skeletal Muscle of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.6.1621","article-title":"Mechanisms of Early Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of Thiazolidinediones in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Tonelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1835-y","article-title":"Changes in adiponectin receptor expression in muscle and adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic patients during rosiglitazone therapy","volume":"48","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.90879","article-title":"The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor: A family of nuclear receptors role in various diseases","volume":"2","author":"Tyagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon, E.D., Nardo, A.D., Claudel, T., and Trauner, M. (2021). The Role of Lipid Sensing Nuclear Receptors (PPARs and LXR) and Metabolic Lipases in Obesity, Diabetes and NAFLD. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12050645"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155676","article-title":"Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"147","author":"Polyzos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1788","article-title":"Overexpression of GLUT5 in Diabetic Muscle Is Reversed by Pioglitazone","volume":"30","author":"Stuart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2481","article-title":"Can pioglitazone be used for optimization of nutrition in critical illness? A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"McClelland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154416","article-title":"Pioglitazone corrects dysregulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP synthesis in type 2 diabetes","volume":"114","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2662","article-title":"Effect of pioglitazone on plasma ceramides in adults with metabolic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Warshauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12512","article-title":"Impact of rosiglitazone on body composition, hepatic fat, fatty acids, adipokines and glucose in persons with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance: A sub-study of the DREAM trial","volume":"31","author":"Punthakee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12606","article-title":"Pioglitazone improves whole-body aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Yokota","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2004.07.008","article-title":"Effect of pioglitazone on body composition and energy expenditure: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0638-3","article-title":"Effects of exenatide, insulin, and pioglitazone on liver fat content and body fat distributions in drug-naive subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Bi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E987","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00229.2009","article-title":"The origin of intermuscular adipose tissue and its pathophysiological implications","volume":"297","author":"Vettor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0304-6","article-title":"Rosiglitazone modifies the adipogenic potential of human muscle satellite cells","volume":"49","author":"Milan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.04.013","article-title":"Pioglitazone treatment increases whole body fat but not total body water in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"47","author":"Balas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12099","article-title":"Effect of pioglitazone on body composition and bone density in subjects with prediabetes in the ACT NOW trial","volume":"15","author":"Bray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0593","article-title":"Pioglitazone-Induced Acute Rhabdomyolysis","volume":"32","author":"Slim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000311","article-title":"An update on sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"24","author":"Hsia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0604","article-title":"Novel Hypothesis to Explain Why SGLT2 Inhibitors Inhibit Only 30\u201350% of Filtered Glucose Load in Humans","volume":"62","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0355","article-title":"Energy Balance After Sodium\u2013Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition","volume":"38","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0852-y","article-title":"Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: A prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Schork","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-10038-w","article-title":"SGLT2-inhibitors; more than just glycosuria and diuresis","volume":"26","author":"Fathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.05.028","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibition by Empagliflozin Promotes Fat Utilization and Browning and Attenuates Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by Polarizing M2 Macrophages in Diet-induced Obese Mice","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C309","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad055","article-title":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure: An updated evidence-based practical guidance for clinicians","volume":"25","author":"Monzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2019.34.3.247","article-title":"A Review of the Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Lean Body Mass in Humans","volume":"34","author":"Sargeant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.40873","article-title":"Dapagliflozin Reduces Fat Mass without Affecting Muscle Mass in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Xu, Y., Ji, H., and Zhao, Y. (2022). Effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279889"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3100","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3100","article-title":"Diabetes pharmacotherapy and effects on the musculoskeletal system","volume":"35","author":"Kalaitzoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-012-9353-8","article-title":"Metabolic and structural impairment of skeletal muscle in heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Zizola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H117","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00100.2021","article-title":"Treatments for skeletal muscle abnormalities in heart failure: Sodium-glucose transporter 2 and ketone bodies","volume":"322","author":"Takada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voorrips, S.N., Saucedo-Orozco, H., S\u00e1nchez-Aguilera, P.I., De Boer, R.A., Van der Meer, P., and Westenbrink, B.D. (2022). Could SGLT2 Inhibitors Improve Exercise Intolerance in Chronic Heart Failure?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158631"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042018821997320","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018821997320","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists: An updated review of head-to-head clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Trujillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1","volume":"27","author":"Drucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12932","article-title":"Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity","volume":"19","author":"Blundell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200705211224","article-title":"Fixed-Ratio Combinations of Basal Insulin and GLP-1RA in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Highlights from the Literature","volume":"21","author":"Lisco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33167","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033167","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of combined GLP-1RA and basal insulin therapy among inadequately controlled T2D with premixed insulin therapy","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920541","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.920541","article-title":"Basal insulin intensification with GLP-1RA and dual GIP and GLP-1RA in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A rapid review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lisco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12888","article-title":"Effects of liraglutide, metformin and gliclazide on body composition in patients with both type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14255","article-title":"Effects of oral semaglutide on energy intake, food preference, appetite, control of eating and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Gibbons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0449","article-title":"Reduction of visceral fat by liraglutide is associated with ameliorations of hepatic steatosis, albuminuria, and micro-inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients with insulin treatment: A randomized control trial","volume":"64","author":"Bouchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volpe, S., Lisco, G., Racaniello, D., Fanelli, M., Colaianni, V., Vozza, A., Triggiani, V., Sabb\u00e0, C., Tortorella, C., and De Pergola, G. (2022). Once-Weekly Semaglutide Induces an Early Improvement in Body Composition in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 26-Week Prospective Real-Life Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1240263"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240263","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1240263","article-title":"Oral semaglutide improves body composition and preserves lean mass in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 26-week prospective real-life study","volume":"14","author":"Volpe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0504","article-title":"Effectiveness and clinical benefits of new anti-diabetic drugs: A real life experience","volume":"17","author":"Piazzolla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13045","article-title":"GLP-1 and insulin regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle microvascular perfusion in type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Love","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwai, S., Kaji, K., Nishimura, N., Kubo, T., Tomooka, F., Shibamoto, A., Suzuki, J., Tsuji, Y., Fujinaga, Y., and Kitagawa, K. (2023). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide attenuates chronic liver disease-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1869.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166770"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S425642","article-title":"GLP-1RA Liraglutide and Semaglutide Improves Obesity-Induced Muscle Atrophy via SIRT1 Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.07.015","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on myokine levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Guarnotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad012","article-title":"AMPK and the Endocrine Control of Metabolism","volume":"44","author":"Townsend","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21962","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203546","article-title":"Dulaglutide improves muscle function by attenuating inflammation through OPA-1-TLR-9 signaling in aged mice","volume":"13","author":"Khin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9926462","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9926462","article-title":"Dulaglutide Protects Mice against Diabetic Sarcopenia-Mediated Muscle Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Regulating the Differentiation of Myoblasts","volume":"2023","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12099","article-title":"Adding liraglutide to lifestyle changes, metformin and testosterone therapy boosts erectile function in diabetic obese men with overt hypogonadism","volume":"3","author":"Giagulli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisco, G., Bartolomeo, N., De Tullio, A., De Pergola, G., Guastamacchia, E., Jirillo, E., Piazzolla, G., Triggiani, V., and Giagulli, V.A. (2023). Long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists boost erectile function in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus complaining of erectile dysfunction: A retrospective cohort study. Andrology, in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13519"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28683-0","article-title":"Structural insights into multiplexed pharmacological actions of tirzepatide and peptide 20 at the GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptors","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.07.013","article-title":"LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept","volume":"34","author":"Coskun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02033-5","article-title":"LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: A phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial","volume":"400","author":"Urva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1710","article-title":"Tirzepatide Reduces Appetite, Energy Intake, and Fat Mass in People With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Heise","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01324-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): A double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"398","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107519","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01443-4","article-title":"Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): A randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial","volume":"398","author":"Ludvik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0078","article-title":"Effect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs. Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-5 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"327","author":"Dahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.20294","article-title":"Tirzepatide vs. Insulin Lispro Added to Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-6 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"330","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02188-7","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): A randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial","volume":"398","author":"Pavo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01337-x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide for weight loss: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"47","author":"Calvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01321-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide for treatment of overweight or obesity. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","article-title":"Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity","volume":"387","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01163-7","article-title":"Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): A double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"402","author":"Frias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02597-w","article-title":"Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: The SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial","volume":"29","author":"Wadden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"3","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Weight Loss at 10 or More Years for All Bariatric Procedures and a Single-Centre Review of 20-Year Outcomes After Adjustable Gastric Banding","volume":"29","author":"Hindle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.14.1724","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"292","author":"Buchwald","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23563","article-title":"Weight loss between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery in adults with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Sarma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14882","article-title":"Change in pharmacodynamic variables following once-weekly tirzepatide treatment versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS J-mono substudy)","volume":"25","author":"Yabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105782","article-title":"Anti-diabetic drugs and weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"171","author":"Lazzaroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15269","article-title":"Tirzepatide reduces the predicted risk of developing type 2 diabetes in people with obesity or overweight: Post hoc analysis of the SURMOUNT-1 trial","volume":"25","author":"Hankosky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E745","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00271.2005","article-title":"Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle protein synthesis is modulated by insulin-induced changes in muscle blood flow and amino acid availability","volume":"291","author":"Fujita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-0110","article-title":"PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Roles for insulin-supported skeletal muscle growth1,2","volume":"94","author":"Rhoads","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(98)80040-4","article-title":"Stimulation of glucose and amino acid transport and activation of the insulin signaling pathways by insulin lispro in L6 skeletal muscle cells","volume":"20","author":"Somwar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finocchietto, P., Barreyro, F., Holod, S., Peralta, J., Franco, M.C., M\u00e9ndez, C., Converso, D.P., Est\u00e9vez, A., Carreras, M.C., and Poderoso, J.J. (2008). Control of Muscle Mitochondria by Insulin Entails Activation of Akt2-mtNOS Pathway: Implications for the Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001749"},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"333","article-title":"Effects of insulin therapy on skeletal muscle wasting in severely scalded rats and its related mechanism","volume":"35","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27571","article-title":"Long-term insulin treatment leads to a change in myosin heavy chain fiber distribution in OLETF rat skeletal muscle","volume":"120","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.12.3273","article-title":"The Combined Effect of Triple Therapy With Rosiglitazone, Metformin, and Insulin Aspart in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"26","author":"Poulsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795514231161885","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514231161885","article-title":"Favorable Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Changes in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Receiving GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Basal Insulin Co-Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Osaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23374","article-title":"Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss","volume":"30","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01139-1","article-title":"Exercise mitigates Dapagliflozin-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in STZ-induced diabetic rats","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa016","article-title":"Muscle\u2013Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines","volume":"41","author":"Severinsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massimino, E., Izzo, A., Riccardi, G., and Della Pepa, G. (2021). The Impact of Glucose-Lowering Drugs on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081958"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02875-y","article-title":"Irisin alleviates FFA induced \u03b2-cell insulin resistance and inflammatory response through activating PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO1 signaling pathway","volume":"M75","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Kang, H., Lin, C.-Y., and Fan, Y. (2023). Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Irisin: Harnessing Its Function in Degenerative Disorders and Tissue Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202303.0091.v1"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1085","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00232.2023","article-title":"Irisin deficiency exacerbates diet-induced insulin resistance and cardiac dysfunction in type II diabetes in mice","volume":"325","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15198","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15198","article-title":"Irisin response to acute moderate intensity exercise and high intensity interval training in youth of different obesity statuses: A randomized crossover trial","volume":"10","author":"Colpitts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"424","article-title":"The effect of two concurrent exercise modalities on serum concentrations of FGF21, irisin, follistatin, and myostatin in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"129","author":"Rad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01415-1","article-title":"Cardiometabolic health, visceral fat and circulating irisin levels: Results from a real-world weight loss study","volume":"44","author":"Miazgowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"236","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum and Muscle Irisin Levels, and FNDC5 Expression in Diabetic Rats","volume":"8","author":"Nadimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safarpour, P., Daneshi-Maskooni, M., Vafa, M., Nourbakhsh, M., Janani, L., Maddah, M., Amiri, F.-S., Mohammadi, F., and Sadeghi, H. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation improves SIRT1, Irisin, and glucose indices in overweight or obese type 2 diabetic patients: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Fam. Pract., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-1096-3"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051870","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1051870","article-title":"Serum vitamin D status and circulating irisin levels in older adults with sarcopenia","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-115227","article-title":"Irisin and Testosterone in Men with Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Kamenov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2020.1808018","article-title":"Correlations between serum testosterone and irisin levels in a sample of Egyptian men with metabolic syndrome; (case-control study)","volume":"129","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0913-x","article-title":"The role of sex, adiposity, and gonadectomy in the regulation of irisin secretion","volume":"54","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780741","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3780741","article-title":"Metabolic Profile in a Cohort of Young Sicilian Patients with Klinefelter\u2019s Syndrome: The Role of Irisin","volume":"2022","author":"Radellini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2020.1770721","article-title":"Impact of testosterone treatment on circulating irisin in men with late-onset hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Assyov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1159\/000523689","article-title":"Irisin Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Obese Male Rats","volume":"112","author":"Yardimci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, Y., Dai, H.-G., Luo, L.-B., and Yang, J. (2021). Irisin alleviates obesity-related spermatogenesis dysfunction via the regulation of the AMPK\u03b1 signalling pathway. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00821-1"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8815","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27541","article-title":"Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of irisin on the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis in male rats","volume":"234","author":"Tekin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12819","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 19 as a countermeasure to muscle and locomotion dysfunctions in experimental cerebral palsy","volume":"12","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.04.002","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 19 alleviates palmitic acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway in skeletal muscle","volume":"526","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4363","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 19 regulates skeletal muscle mass and ameliorates muscle wasting in mice","volume":"23","author":"Benoit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14263","article-title":"Association of FGF-19 and FGF-21 levels with primary sarcopenia","volume":"21","author":"Soytas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16448","article-title":"FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity-induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin levels via the AMPK\/SIRT-1\/PGC-\u03b1 pathway","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31874-4","article-title":"Treatment with fibroblast growth factor 19 increases skeletal muscle fiber size, ameliorates metabolic perturbations and hepatic inflammation in 5\/6 nephrectomized mice","volume":"13","author":"Benoit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.170939","article-title":"An update on peptide-based therapies for type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"161","author":"Bailey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12448","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707925114","article-title":"Blockade of activin type II receptors with a dual anti-ActRIIA\/IIB antibody is critical to promote maximal skeletal muscle hypertrophy","volume":"114","author":"Morvan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01832","article-title":"Effect of Testosterone on FGF2, MRF4, and Myostatin in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Relevance to Muscle Growth","volume":"104","author":"Ghanim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030497","article-title":"Myostatin Is a Skeletal Muscle Target of Growth Hormone Anabolic Action","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25268","article-title":"Myostatin inhibitor ACE-031 treatment of ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01757-z","article-title":"A Randomized Phase 1 Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Novel Myostatin Inhibitor Apitegromab (SRK-015): A Potential Treatment for Spinal Muscular Atrophy","volume":"38","author":"Barrett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00298-3","article-title":"Myostatin antibody (LY2495655) in older weak fallers: A proof-of-concept, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"3","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/1\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:41:30Z","timestamp":1760132490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/1\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]]},"references-count":257,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16010063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16010063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]]}}}