{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:03:10Z","timestamp":1791000190596,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The literature on the connection between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical hypothyroidism is critically analyzed in this narrative review. These conditions are frequently observed among adult populations and various studies and meta-analyses have assessed their association. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in obese individuals is higher than in non-obese subjects and this trend is more pronounced in unhealthy obesity phenotypes. However, the diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism can be difficult in obese patients. Exaggerated body fat is linked to thyroid hypoechogenicity as evident through ultrasonography and euthyroid obese people have greater TSH, FT3, and FT3\/FT4 ratios than non-obese individuals in a euthyroid condition. Moreover, a reduced expression of the TSH receptor and altered function of deiodinases has been found in the adipose tissue of obese patients. Current data do not support the necessity of a pharmacological correction of the isolated hyperthyrotropinemia in euthyroid obese patients because treatment with thyroid hormone does not significantly improve weight loss and the increase in serum TSH can be reversible after hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery. On the other hand, obesity is linked to elevated leptin levels. Inflammation can raise the risk of Hashimoto thyroiditis, which increases the likelihood that obese patients will experience overt or subclinical hypothyroidism. Both metabolic syndrome and subclinical hypothyroidism are associated with atherosclerosis, liver and kidney disease. Hence, the association of these two illnesses may potentiate the adverse effects noted in each of them. Subclinical hypothyroidism should be identified in patients with obesity and treated with appropriate doses of L-thyroxine according to the lean body mass and body weight. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to verify whether treatment of thyroid deficiency could counteract the expected risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T07:45:32Z","timestamp":1703663132000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette","family":"Biondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60276-6","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid disease","volume":"379","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9052","article-title":"Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Review","volume":"322","author":"Biondi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00285-0","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in older individuals","volume":"10","author":"Biondi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0024","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Cornier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. 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