{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:41:45Z","timestamp":1787064105100,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brigham Young University","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to determine the impact of various fast-interrupting shakes on markers of glycemic control including glucose, \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP. Twenty-seven sedentary adults (twelve female, fifteen male) with overweight or obesity completed this study. One condition consisted of a 38-h water-only fast, and the other two conditions repeated this, but the fasts were interrupted at 24 h by either a high carbohydrate\/low fat (HC\/LF) shake or an isovolumetric and isocaloric low carbohydrate\/high fat (LC\/HF) shake. The water-only fast resulted in 135.3% more BHB compared to the HC\/LF condition (p &lt; 0.01) and 69.6% more compared to the LC\/HF condition (p &lt; 0.01). The LC\/HF condition exhibited a 38.8% higher BHB level than the HC\/LF condition (p &lt; 0.01). The area under the curve for glucose was 14.2% higher in the HC\/LF condition than in the water condition (p &lt; 0.01) and 6.9% higher compared to the LC\/HF condition (p &lt; 0.01), with the LC\/HF condition yielding 7.8% more glucose than the water condition (p &lt; 0.01). At the 25-h mark, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were significantly elevated in the HC\/LF condition compared to the LC\/HF condition (p &lt; 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively) and compared to the water condition (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, insulin, GLP-1, and GIP were increased in the LC\/HF condition compared to the water condition at 25 h (p &lt; 0.01, p = 0.015, and p &lt; 0.01, respectively). By the 38-h time point, no differences were observed among the conditions for any of the analyzed hormones. While a LC\/HF shake does not mimic a fast completely, it does preserve some of the metabolic changes including elevated BHB and glucagon, and decreased glucose and insulin compared to a HC\/LF shake, implying a potential for improved metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T04:05:38Z","timestamp":1704341138000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effects of a High-Carbohydrate versus a High-Fat Shake on Biomarkers of Metabolism and Glycemic Control When Used to Interrupt a 38-h Fast: A Randomized Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Landon","family":"Deru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"},{"name":"Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Gipson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9264-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katelynn","family":"Hales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"LeCheminant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4591-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9294-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, June 30). 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