{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:57:02Z","timestamp":1789617422680,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the 10th (2023) Lotte Foundation Research Grant (to T.K.)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength) and frailty (a decline in physiological resilience and increased vulnerability associated with aging) is particularly relevant due to the emergence of super-aged societies in developed countries. Notably, among the thirty-one studies included in this review, twenty-five showed a significant association of B6 status with sarcopenia, frailty, and all-cause mortality in adults (p &lt; 0.05), while six showed no association. Emerging studies have suggested novel mechanisms underlying this association. These mechanisms involve P2X7 receptor-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, AMPK signaling, PD-L1 signaling, and satellite cell-mediated myogenesis. Furthermore, the modulation of PLP-dependent enzymes due to B6 deficiency is associated with impaired metabolic processes, affecting energy utilization, imidazole peptide production, and hydrogen sulfide production, as well as the kynurenine pathway, all of which play vital roles in skeletal muscle health and pathophysiology. This narrative review provides an up-to-date assessment of our current understanding of the potential role of nutritional B6 status in combating sarcopenia, frailty, and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T09:47:32Z","timestamp":1704361652000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Relationship of Low Vitamin B6 Status with Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Mortality: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5467-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norihisa","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Kimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health of Sciences, Hiroshima Shudo University, Hiroshima 731-3166, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanikan","family":"Bumrungkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajith","family":"Karunaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Yanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6196-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanutchaporn","family":"Kumrungsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Innovation and Practice for Smart Society, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vinood, B.P. (2020). Molecular Nutrition, Vitamins, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02665-2","article-title":"Emerging cardioprotective mechanisms of vitamin B6: A narrative review","volume":"61","author":"Kumrungsee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001808","article-title":"Dietary surveys indicate vitamin intakes below recommendations are common in representative Western countries","volume":"108","author":"Troesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, C.-L., Quay, T.A.W., Devlin, A.M., and Lamers, Y. (2016). Prevalence and Predictors of Low Vitamin B6 Status in Healthy Young Adult Women in Metro Vancouver. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090538"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations (2023). World Social Report 2023: Leaving No One behind in an Aging World, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.09.013","article-title":"Association Between Sarcopenia and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Review","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155638","article-title":"Sarcopenia, osteoporosis and frailty","volume":"145","author":"Gielen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, S., Shiraishi, R., Nakayama, Y., and Taira, Y. (2023). Can Nutrition Contribute to a Reduction in Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Comorbidities in a Super-Aged Society?. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.2095.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665121001968","article-title":"Micronutrient malnutrition across the life course, sarcopenia and frailty","volume":"80","author":"Welch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.05.016","article-title":"Intake of B vitamins and impairment in physical function in older adults","volume":"37","author":"Struijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa368","article-title":"Vitamin B-6 intake is related to physical performance in European older adults: Results of the New Dietary Strategies Addressing the Specific Needs of the Elderly Population for Healthy Aging in Europe (NU-AGE) study","volume":"113","author":"Grootswagers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-J., Park, J., Won, C.W., and Lee, H.-J. (2022). The Inverse Association of Sarcopenia and Protein-Source Food and Vegetable Intakes in the Korean Elderly: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071375"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, N.V., Waitzberg, D.L., Lopes, N.C., Vicedomini, A.C.C., Prud\u00eancio, A.P.A., Jacob-Filho, W., Busse, A.L., Ferdinando, D., Alves, T.P., and Pereira, R.M.R. (2023). High Prevalence of Energy and Nutrients Inadequacy among Brazilian Older Adults. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143246"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2335","article-title":"Low Micronutrient Levels as a Predictor of Incident Disability in Older Women","volume":"166","author":"Bartali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"309","article-title":"Systemic and Metabolic Signature of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults","volume":"75","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, F., Hashimoto, Y., Kaji, A., Sakai, R., Kawate, Y., Okamura, T., Kondo, Y., Fukuda, T., Kitagawa, N., and Okada, H. (2021). Vitamin Intake and Loss of Muscle Mass in Older People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study of the KAMOGAWA-DM Cohort. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072335"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H., Son, K., and Lim, H. (2023). Association between Skeletal Muscle Mass-to-Visceral Fat Ratio and Dietary and Cardiometabolic Health Risk Factors among Korean Women with Obesity. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071574"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy105","article-title":"Low vitamin intake is associated with risk of frailty in older adults","volume":"47","author":"Struijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.6.594","article-title":"Low serum micronutrient concentrations predict frailty among older women living in the community","volume":"61","author":"Semba","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02353-7","article-title":"Association between B-vitamins intake and frailty among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa422","article-title":"Circulating B-vitamin biomarkers and B-vitamin supplement use in relation to quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer: Results from the FOCUS consortium","volume":"113","author":"Koole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Dietary Folate and Vitamin B6 and B12 Intake in Relation to Mortality From Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"41","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.016","article-title":"Prospective cohort studies of dietary vitamin B6 intake and risk of cause-specific mortality","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo, Y., Xu, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Wan, Z., Zhao, X., and Yu, Z. (2022). Intakes of Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 in Relation to All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A National Population-Based Cohort. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112253"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.10.010","article-title":"Prediction of all-cause mortality by B group vitamin status in the elderly","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, Y., Bai, J., and Yu, C. (2021). Association of Serum Vitamin B6 with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Prospective Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092977"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.04.023","article-title":"Increased vitamin B6 turnover is associated with greater mortality risk in the general US population: A prospective biomarker study","volume":"41","author":"Schorgg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab163","article-title":"Association of Markers of Inflammation, the Kynurenine Pathway and B Vitamins with Age and Mortality, and a Signature of Inflammaging","volume":"77","author":"Hodge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-2900","article-title":"B-Vitamin Intake, One-Carbon Metabolism, and Survival in a Population-Based Study of Women with Breast Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.115162","article-title":"Postdiagnostic intake of one-carbon nutrients and alcohol in relation to colorectal cancer survival","volume":"102","author":"Lochhead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.03.013","article-title":"Diet and sedentary behaviour in relation to cancer survival. A report from the national health and nutrition examination survey linked to the U.S. mortality registry","volume":"39","author":"Ricci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873249","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.873249","article-title":"Pre-diagnosis Dietary One-Carbon Metabolism Micronutrients Consumption and Ovarian Cancer Survival: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8081","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO00943A","article-title":"Dietary intake of one-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and hepatocellular carcinoma survival in the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112189","article-title":"Association of B vitamins intake and total homocysteine levels With All-cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Central obesity","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0152-x","article-title":"Prediagnostic plasma vitamin B6 (pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate) and survival in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Je","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, D.C., Johansson, M., Zaridze, D., Moukeria, A., Janout, V., Holcatova, I., Navratilova, M., Mates, D., Midttun, \u00d8., and Ueland, P.M. (2015). Circulating Concentrations of Vitamin B6 and Kidney Cancer Prognosis: A Prospective Case-Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140677"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.126342","article-title":"Vitamin B-6 catabolism and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"103","author":"Ulvik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.164012","article-title":"Functional vitamin B-6 status and long-term mortality in renal transplant recipients","volume":"106","author":"Minovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01993-8","article-title":"Subclinical inflammation, telomere shortening, homocysteine, vitamin B6, and mortality: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"59","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac429","article-title":"Associations of Serum Vitamin B6 Status and Catabolism With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With T2DM","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac090","article-title":"Higher vitamin B6 status is associated with improved survival among patients with stage I\u2013III colorectal cancer","volume":"116","author":"Holowatyj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.03.017","article-title":"Associations of vitamin B6 turnover rate with the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in hypertensive adults","volume":"33","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1622","article-title":"Cancer Incidence and Mortality After Treatment With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12","volume":"302","author":"Ebbing","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2027","article-title":"Effect of Folic Acid and B Vitamins on Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Total Mortality Among Women at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"299","author":"Albert","year":"2008","journal-title":"A Randomized Trial. JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e14958","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 Supplementation on Homocysteine Level and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Stroke Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Kataria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/93.2.213","article-title":"Relationships between Vitamin B6-vitamer Content and the Activities of Two Transaminase Enzymes in Rat Tissues at Varying Intake Levels of Vitamin B6","volume":"93","author":"Brin","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx126","article-title":"Low alanine aminotransferase levels in the elderly population: Frailty, disability, sarcopenia, and reduced survival","volume":"73","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.8951","article-title":"Alanine aminotransferase-old biomarker and new concept: A review","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm.2019.08.01","article-title":"Alanine aminotransferase\u2014A marker of cardiovascular risk at high and low activity levels","volume":"4","author":"Ndrepepa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lab. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.49.3525","article-title":"A Case of McArdle Disease: Efficacy of Vitamin B6 on Fatigability and Impaired Glycogenolysis","volume":"49","author":"Izumi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Migocka-Patrza\u0142ek, M., and Elias, M. (2021). Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase and Its Functional Partners in Health and Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040883"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(88)80048-4","article-title":"Marginal intake of vitamin B-6: Effect of protein synthesis in liver, kidney and muscle of rat","volume":"8","author":"Sampson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4879","article-title":"Dietary vitamin B6 modulates the gene expression of myokines, Nrf2-related factors, myogenin and HSP60 in the skeletal muscle of rats","volume":"14","author":"Suidasari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00513.2005","article-title":"Resting and load-induced levels of myogenic gene transcripts differ between older adults with demonstrable sarcopenia and young men and women","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asea, A., and Kaur, P. (2019). Heat Shock Protein 60 in Human Diseases and Disorders Heat Shock Proteins, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23154-5"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.01.022","article-title":"Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates frailty and sarcopenia by impairing skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in an age-dependent manner","volume":"1119","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15807","article-title":"Effects of dietary vitamin B6 on the skeletal muscle protein metabolism of growing rabbits","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.04.018","article-title":"The effects of vitamin B6 on the nutritional support of BCAAs-enriched amino acids formula in rats with partial gastrectomy","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2015.00039","article-title":"Carnosine Content in Skeletal Muscle Is Dependent on Vitamin B6 Status in Rats","volume":"2","author":"Suidasari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.11.004","article-title":"Novel metabolic disturbances in marginal vitamin B6-deficient rat heart","volume":"65","author":"Kumrungsee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1444096","article-title":"Carnosine in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Artioli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603023113","article-title":"Individual variability in human blood metabolites identifies age-related differences","volume":"113","author":"Chaleckis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16577","article-title":"Mechanisms of skeletal muscle repair and regeneration in health and disease","volume":"289","author":"Michele","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komaru, T., Yanaka, N., and Kumrungsee, T. (2021). Satellite Cells Exhibit Decreased Numbers and Impaired Functions on Single Myofibers Isolated from Vitamin B6-Deficient Mice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124531"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68796-4","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of primary human skeletal muscle cells during myogenic progression","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palin, M.-F., Lapointe, J., Gariepy, C., Beaudry, D., and Kalbe, C. (2020). Characterisation of intracellular molecular mechanisms modulated by carnosine in porcine myoblasts under basal and oxidative stress conditions. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239496"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Shen, W., Liu, T., Mosenthin, R., Bao, Y., Chen, P., Hao, W., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., and Ji, C. (2022). Improved Satellite Cell Proliferation Induced by L-Carnosine Benefits Muscle Growth of Pigs in Part through Activation of the Akt\/mTOR\/S6K Signaling Pathway. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12070988"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01685","article-title":"L-Anserine Increases Muscle Differentiation and Muscle Contractility in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells","volume":"71","author":"Nagai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"On\u00f3di, Z., Szab\u00f3, P.L., Kucsera, D., Pokreisz, P., Dostal, C., Hilber, K., Oudit, G.Y., Podesser, B.K., Ferdinandy, P., and Varga, Z.V. (2023). Inflammasome Activity in the Skeletal Muscle and Heart of Rodent Models for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108497"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.02.003","article-title":"P2X7 purinoceptor as a therapeutic target in muscular dystrophies","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0308-4","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in skeletal muscle: Prospects for intervention in muscle diseases","volume":"86","author":"Mourkioti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Vitamin B6 suppresses NF-\u03baB activation in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages","volume":"16","author":"Yanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24517","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.743815","article-title":"Vitamin B6 prevents IL-1 beta protein production by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.806869","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduces cytokine production both in vitro and in a mouse model of inflammation","volume":"293","author":"Castelblanco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballesteros, J., Rivas, D., and Duque, G. (2023). The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1990.v1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019365","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1019365","article-title":"Kynurenic acid ameliorates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by blocking calcium mobilization via GPR35","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.21705\/mcbs.v2i2.32","article-title":"Myokine Regulation as Marker of Sarcopenia in Elderly","volume":"2","author":"Aryana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.009","article-title":"AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome during Aging","volume":"29","author":"Cordero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14983","article-title":"Vitamin B6 inhibits macrophage activation to prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced acute pneumonia in mice","volume":"24","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.08.032","article-title":"The effect of exercise, resveratrol or their combination on Sarcopenia in aged rats via regulation of AMPK\/Sirt1 pathway","volume":"98","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583478","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.583478","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Autophagy Suppresses Sarcopenia Through Akt\/mTOR and Akt\/FoxO3a Signal Pathways and AMPK-Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Control","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.05.022","article-title":"Identification of vitamin B6 as a PD-L1 suppressor and an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"561","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiriyama, Y., and Nochi, H. (2023). Regulation of PD-L1 Expression by Nuclear Receptors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129891"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onorati, A., Havas, A.P., Lin, B., Rajagopal, J., Sen, P., Peter, D., Adams, P.D., and Dou, Z. (2022). Upregulation of PD-L1 in Senescence and Aging. Mol. Cell Biol., 42.","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.00171-22"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05388-4","article-title":"Blocking PD-L1\u2013PD-1 improves senescence surveillance and ageing phenotypes","volume":"611","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586429","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.586429","article-title":"Pharmacological and Genetic Inhibition of PD-1 Demonstrate an Important Role of PD-1 in Ischemia-Induced Skeletal Muscle Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, N.M., Haron, H., Shahar, S., and Fenech, M. (2022). Current Evidence on the Association of Micronutrient Malnutrition with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Frailty, and Cognitive Frailty among Older Adults: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315722"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2023.30.2.141","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin B6 on Osteoporosis Fracture","volume":"30","author":"Welan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-022-00575-w","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Frailty in Heart Failure: Is There a Biomarker Signature?","volume":"19","author":"Sato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06498.x","article-title":"Body composition in healthy aging","volume":"904","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102164","article-title":"Obesity paradox in older sarcopenic adults\u2014A delay in aging: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Eitmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.2.362","article-title":"Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"87","author":"Aasheim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Zhu, Z., Huang, Z., He, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Tan, W., and Rong, S. (2023). Association between Vitamin B and Obesity in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030483"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/1\/177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:40:09Z","timestamp":1760103609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/1\/177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16010177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16010177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]}}}