{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:02:14Z","timestamp":1789682534183,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Projects","award":["202202AG050009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202AG050009"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Projects","award":["202201AY070001-243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AY070001-243"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology-Kunming Medical University Joint Special Project on Applied Basic Research","award":["202202AG050009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202202AG050009"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology-Kunming Medical University Joint Special Project on Applied Basic Research","award":["202201AY070001-243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AY070001-243"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a prevalent chronic disease, characterized by excessive blood uric acid levels, that poses a significant health risk. In this study, the preventive effects and potential mechanisms of ethanol extracts from Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.) fruits on HUA and uric acid nephropathy were comprehensively investigated. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in uric acid levels in hyperuricemia mice after treatment with Chinese sumac fruit extract, especially in the high-dose group, where the blood uric acid level decreased by 39.56%. Visual diagrams of the kidneys and hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E)-stained sections showed the extract\u2019s effectiveness in protecting against kidney damage caused by excessive uric acid. Further investigation into its mechanism revealed that the extract prevents and treats hyperuricemia by decreasing uric acid production, enhancing uric acid excretion, and mitigating the oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions induced by excessive uric acid in the kidneys. Specifically, the extract markedly decreased xanthine oxidase (XOD) levels and expression in the liver, elevated the expression of uric acid transporters ABCG2, and lowered the expression of uric acid reabsorption proteins URAT1 and SLC2A9. Simultaneously, it significantly elevated the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH) while reducing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the expression of uric-acid-related proteins NLRP3, ACS, and Caspase-3 and the levels of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 were significantly reduced. The experimental results confirm that Chinese sumac fruit extract can improve HUA and uric acid nephropathy in mice fed a high-purine yeast diet. This finding establishes a theoretical foundation for developing Chinese sumac fruit as a functional food or medicine for preventing and treating HUA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T05:12:17Z","timestamp":1704431537000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Chinese Sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.) Fruits Prevent Hyperuricemia and Uric Acid Nephropathy in Mice Fed a High-Purine Yeast Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2492-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengbao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanqi","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2741\/3950","article-title":"Uric acid, hyperuricemia and vascular diseases","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911968","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.911968","article-title":"Excess uric acid induces gouty nephropathy through crystal formation: A review of recent insights","volume":"13","author":"Mei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-021-00840-w","article-title":"Impact of hyperuricemia on chronic kidney disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"45","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2022.01.210273","article-title":"To Treat or not to treat? Effect of urate-lowering therapy on renal function, blood pressure and safety in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Tien","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","article-title":"Contemporary Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the United States and Decadal Trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132016","volume":"71","author":"Yokose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01273-3","article-title":"Update in uric acid, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"46","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.03.002","article-title":"Natural compounds lower uric acid levels and hyperuricemia: Molecular mechanisms and prospective","volume":"123","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-020-00941-3","article-title":"Long-term safety and effectiveness of the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, topiroxostat in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: A 54-week open-label, multicenter, post-marketing observational study","volume":"40","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2023.2197591","article-title":"Advances in pharmacotherapies for hyperuricemia","volume":"24","author":"Piani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aihemaitijiang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Ye, C., Halimulati, M., Zhang, W., and Zhang, Z. (2020). The association between purine-rich food intake and hyperuricemia: A cross-sectional study in Chinese adult residents. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123835"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.12.020","article-title":"Pu-erh ripened tea resists to hyperuricemia through xanthine oxidase and renal urate transporters in hyperuricemic mice","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortolotti, M., Polito, L., Battelli, M.G., and Bolognesi, A. (2021). Xanthine oxidoreductase: One enzyme for multiple physiological tasks. Redox Biol., 41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101882"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(16)30028-0","article-title":"Uric acid lowering effect of Tibetan Medicine RuPeng15 powder in animal models of hyperuricemia","volume":"36","author":"Yiying","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chau, Y.-T., Chen, H.-Y., Lin, P.-H., and Hsia, S.-M. (2019). Preventive effects of fucoidan and fucoxanthin on hyperuricemic rats induced by potassium oxonate, Preventive effects of fucoidan and fucoxanthin on hyperuricemic rats induced by potassium oxonate. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060343"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02246E","article-title":"Anti-hyperuricemic potential of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) residue extract in hyperuricemic mice","volume":"11","author":"Mehmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103498","article-title":"Rhus chinensis Mill. fruits prevent high-fat\/ethanol diet-induced alcoholic fatty liver in rats via AMPK\/SREBP-1\/FAS signaling pathway","volume":"61","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3215","article-title":"Rhus chinensis and Galla Chinensis\u2013folklore to modern evidence","volume":"24","author":"Djakpo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2022.100925","article-title":"Phytochemical characteristics and biological activities of Rhus chinensis Mill.: A review","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115288","article-title":"A comprehensive review on ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Rhus chinensis Mill","volume":"293","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2991\/efood.k.210222.002","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of different phenolic-rich fractions from Rhus chinensis Mill. fruits in vitro","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104830","article-title":"Preventive effects of Chinese sumac fruits against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via regulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"87","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9965","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01558C","article-title":"The preventive effect and underlying mechanism of Rhus chinensis Mill. fruits on dextran sulphate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114752","article-title":"Chinese sumac (Rhus chinensis Mill.) fruits alleviate indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice by improving oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"284","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02860C","article-title":"The preventive effect of Chinese sumac fruit against monosodium urate-induced gouty arthritis in rats by regulating several inflammatory pathways","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105130","article-title":"Protective effects of Cyclocarya paliurus on hyperuricemia and urate-induced inflammation","volume":"94","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.12717\/DR.2020.24.2.89","article-title":"Prevention of hyperuricemia by Clerodendrum trichotomum leaf extract in potassium oxonate-induced mice","volume":"24","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5778","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01480A","article-title":"Anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of extracts from Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne in hyperuricemic mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11454","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c01349","article-title":"Fucoidan from Saccharina japonica Alleviates Hyperuricemia-Induced Renal Fibrosis through Inhibiting the JAK2\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"71","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00967","article-title":"Total purine and purine base content of common foodstuffs for facilitating nutritional therapy for gout and hyperuricemia","volume":"37","author":"Kaneko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0222-x","article-title":"Mouse models for human hyperuricaemia: A critical review","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00509A","article-title":"Effect of lemon water soluble extract on hyperuricemia in a mouse model","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.004","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of dioscin from Dioscorea spongiosa on uric acid excretion in animal model of hyperuricemia","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Hu, J., Song, N., Chen, R., Zhang, T., and Ding, X. (2017). Hyperuricemia increases the risk of acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0433-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.11.016","article-title":"Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: Still more to do","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9416","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01830B","article-title":"Sonneratia apetala seed oil attenuates potassium oxonate\/hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia and renal injury in mice","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103803","article-title":"Anti-hyperuricemic effects of three theaflavins isolated from black tea in hyperuricemic mice","volume":"66","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9434","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01533A","article-title":"Anserine beneficial effects in hyperuricemic rats by inhibiting XOD, regulating uric acid transporter and repairing hepatorenal injury","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smerecza\u0144ski, N.M., Brz\u00f3ska, M.M., Rogalska, J., and Hutsch, T. (2023). The Protective Potential of Aronia melanocarpa L. Berry Extract against Cadmium-Induced Kidney Damage: A Study in an Animal Model of Human Environmental Exposure to This Toxic Element. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411647"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.08.109","article-title":"Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion","volume":"213","author":"Maiuolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12619","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02431D","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide alleviates hyperuricemia by regulating adenosine deaminase and urate transporters","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2010.01368.x","article-title":"Interactions of urate transporter URAT1 in human kidney with uricosuric drugs","volume":"16","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nature742","article-title":"Molecular identification of a renal urate\u2013anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels","volume":"417","author":"Enomoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.107","article-title":"SLC2A9 influences uric acid concentrations with pronounced sex-specific effects","volume":"40","author":"Gieger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1195847","article-title":"Uric acid transporters hiding in the intestine","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03755","article-title":"ABCG2 dysfunction causes hyperuricemia due to both renal urate underexcretion and renal urate overload","volume":"4","author":"Matsuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42344","article-title":"Uric acid transport and disease","volume":"120","author":"So","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10275","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02068H","article-title":"Hypouricemic effect of gallic acid, a bioactive compound from Sonneratia apetala leaves and branches, on hyperuricemic mice","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, H.-y., Yang, C., Liang, D., and Liu, H.-f. (2020). Research advances in the mechanisms of hyperuricemia-induced renal injury. BioMed Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5817348"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F993","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00637.2014","article-title":"Hyperuricemia-induced NLRP3 activation of macrophages contributes to the progression of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"308","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Renal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.155","article-title":"Inflammation in gout: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"13","author":"So","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Cao, X., Zhao, H., Yang, E., Wang, Y., Cheng, N., and Cao, W. (2021). Impact of Camellia japonica bee pollen polyphenols on hyperuricemia and gut microbiota in potassium oxonate-induced mice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082665"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/2\/184\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:40:37Z","timestamp":1760103637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/2\/184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16020184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16020184","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]}}}