{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:27:43Z","timestamp":1791538063376,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED, Japan)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP17km0105001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17km0105001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED, Japan)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21tm0124005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21tm0124005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED, Japan)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19gk0110039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19gk0110039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED, Japan)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H01071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H01071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED, Japan)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K19618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research from the Japan Society","award":["JP17km0105001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17km0105001"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research from the Japan Society","award":["JP21tm0124005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21tm0124005"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research from the Japan Society","award":["JP19gk0110039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19gk0110039"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research from the Japan Society","award":["19H01071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H01071"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research from the Japan Society","award":["21K19618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19618"]}]},{"name":"National Center Cohort Collaborative for Advancing Population Health Grant for the National Center for Child Health and Development","award":["JP17km0105001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17km0105001"]}]},{"name":"National Center Cohort Collaborative for Advancing Population Health Grant for the National Center for Child Health and Development","award":["JP21tm0124005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21tm0124005"]}]},{"name":"National Center Cohort Collaborative for Advancing Population Health Grant for the National Center for Child Health and Development","award":["JP19gk0110039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19gk0110039"]}]},{"name":"National Center Cohort Collaborative for Advancing Population Health Grant for the National Center for Child Health and Development","award":["19H01071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H01071"]}]},{"name":"National Center Cohort Collaborative for Advancing Population Health Grant for the National Center for Child Health and Development","award":["21K19618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19618"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A fetal growth restriction is related to adverse child outcomes. We investigated risk ratios and population-attributable fractions (PAF) of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants in the Japanese population. Among 28,838 infants from five ongoing prospective birth cohort studies under the Japan Birth Cohort Consortium, two-stage individual-participant data meta-analyses were conducted to calculate risk ratios and PAFs for SGA in advanced maternal age, pre-pregnancy underweight, and smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Risk ratio was calculated using modified Poisson analyses with robust variance and PAF was calculated in each cohort, following common analyses protocols. Then, results from each cohort study were combined by meta-analyses using random-effects models to obtain the overall estimate for the Japanese population. In this meta-analysis, an increased risk (risk ratio, [95% confidence interval of SGA]) was significantly associated with pre-pregnancy underweight (1.72 [1.42\u20132.09]), gestational weight gain (1.95 [1.61\u20132.38]), and continued smoking during pregnancy (1.59 [1.01\u20132.50]). PAF of underweight, inadequate gestational weight gain, and continued smoking during pregnancy was 10.0% [4.6\u201315.1%], 31.4% [22.1\u201339.6%], and 3.2% [\u22124.8\u201310.5%], respectively. In conclusion, maternal weight status was a major contributor to SGA births in Japan. Improving maternal weight status should be prioritized to prevent fetal growth restriction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T05:12:17Z","timestamp":1704431537000},"page":"186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Population-Attributable Fractions of Small-for-Gestational-Age Births: Results from the Japan Birth Cohort Consortium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2944-7012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazue","family":"Ishitsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Piedvache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-8637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumitaka","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6808-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Iwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4776-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoko","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohito","family":"Metoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1, Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8536, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mami","family":"Ishikuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3674-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taku","family":"Obara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Shafiur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 10-13 Dogo-Himata, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Miyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 10-13 Dogo-Himata, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Horikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji J.","family":"Tsuchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1144-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chisato","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Kuriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, 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