{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:29:06Z","timestamp":1788568146447,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]],"date-time":"2024-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","award":["21J13647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21J13647"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, and the Japan Diabetes Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sucrose is a disaccharide that is degraded into fructose and glucose in the small intestine. High-sucrose and high-fructose diets have been reported, using two-dimensional imaging, to alter the intestinal morphology and the expression of genes associated with sugar transport, such as sodium glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5). However, it remains unclear how high-fructose and high-sucrose diets affect the expression of sugar transporters and the intestinal morphology in the whole intestine. We investigate the influence of a chronic high-sucrose diet on the expression of the genes associated with sugar transport as well as its effects on the intestinal morphology using 3D imaging. High sucrose was found to increase GLUT2 and GLUT5 mRNA levels without significant changes in the intestinal morphology using 3D imaging. On the other hand, the delay in sucrose absorption by an \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitor significantly improved the intestinal morphology and the expression levels of SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 mRNA in the distal small intestine to levels similar to those in the proximal small intestine, thereby improving glycemic control after both glucose and sucrose loading. These results reveal the effects of chronic high-sugar exposure on glucose absorption and changes in the intestinal morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T03:49:04Z","timestamp":1704685744000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intestinal Morphology and Glucose Transporter Gene Expression under a Chronic Intake of High Sucrose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kana","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8720-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norio","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonobu","family":"Hatoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Seno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Yamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8261-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuya","family":"Inagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P.I.I.F. Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Y., Li, S., Khan, J., Dai, Z., Li, C., Hu, X., Shen, Q., and Xue, Y. (2021). Sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages consumption linked to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082636"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1079","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Malik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007141","article-title":"The digestion and absorption of sucrose by the intact rat","volume":"167","author":"Dahlqvist","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.537","article-title":"Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity","volume":"79","author":"Bray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.098277","article-title":"National estimates of dietary fructose intake increased from 1977 to 2004 in the United States","volume":"139","author":"Marriott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.06.003","article-title":"Added sugars intake across the distribution of US children and adult consumers: 1977\u20132012","volume":"116","author":"Powell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2015.1084990","article-title":"Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy","volume":"53","author":"Stanhope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2019.1711360","article-title":"Fructose and hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"57","author":"Softic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0810411","article-title":"Digestion and absorption of disaccharides in man","volume":"81","author":"Dahlqvist","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.12.016","article-title":"The small intestine converts dietary fructose into glucose and organic acids","volume":"27","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01142K","article-title":"Effect of chrysin on changes in intestinal environment and microbiome induced by fructose-feeding in rats","volume":"10","author":"Andrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03827-2","article-title":"Dietary fructose improves intestinal cell survival and nutrient absorption","volume":"597","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22511-7","article-title":"An analysis of intestinal morphology and incretin-producing cells using tissue optical clearing and 3-D imaging","volume":"12","author":"Hatoko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02439-5","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the small intestine in health and disease","volume":"472","author":"Koepsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.215731","article-title":"The role of fructose transporters in diseases linked to excessive fructose intake","volume":"591","author":"Douard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.10.3056","article-title":"Apical GLUT2: A major pathway of intestinal sugar absorption","volume":"54","author":"Kellett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049247","article-title":"Simple-sugar meals target GLUT2 at enterocyte apical membranes to improve sugar absorption: A study in GLUT2-null mice","volume":"552","author":"Gouyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"517","article-title":"Inhibitory mechanism of acarbose and 1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives on carbohydrases in rat small intestine","volume":"13","author":"Samulitis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Drugs Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, E., Houghton, M.J., and Williamson, G. (2021). Flavonoids as human intestinal \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081939"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059030-00012","article-title":"Miglitol: A review of its therapeutic potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.10.015","article-title":"The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol affects bile acid metabolism and ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance in diabetic mice","volume":"62","author":"Hamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0116","article-title":"Miglitol protects against age-dependent weight gain in mice: A potential role of increased UCP1 content in brown adipose tissue","volume":"62","author":"Sasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.01.006","article-title":"Attenuated secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) does not alleviate hyperphagic obesity and insulin resistance in ob\/ob mice","volume":"6","author":"Harada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.20042","article-title":"Tissue-specific and inducible Cre-mediated recombination in the gut epithelium","volume":"39","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E449","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00329.2022","article-title":"Inhibition of GPR120 signaling in intestine ameliorates insulin resistance and fatty liver under high-fat diet feeding","volume":"324","author":"Yasuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G272","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00054.2018","article-title":"Transcriptional factor Pdx1 is involved in age-related GIP hypersecretion in mice","volume":"315","author":"Ikeguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12984","article-title":"Fructose tolerance test in obese people with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Rivard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.11.077","article-title":"The effect of gastric inhibitory polypeptide on intestinal glucose absorption and intestinal motility in mice","volume":"404","author":"Ogawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13560","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13560","article-title":"Comparative analysis reveals Ce3D as optimal clearing method for in toto imaging of the mouse intestine","volume":"31","author":"Bossolani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.12.5868","article-title":"Crypt\/villus site of substrate-dependent regulation of mouse intestinal glucose transporters","volume":"90","author":"Ferraris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699152","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.699152","article-title":"Computational modelling of glucose uptake by sglt1 and apical glut2 in the enterocyte","volume":"12","author":"Afshar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3500155","article-title":"The diffusive component of intestinal glucose absorption is mediated by the glucose-induced recruitment of GLUT2 to the brush-border membrane","volume":"15","author":"Kellett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.5934.1","article-title":"Does apical membrane GLUT2 have a role in intestinal glucose uptake?","volume":"3","author":"Naftalin","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.939263","article-title":"Role of polysaccharides in food, digestion, and health","volume":"57","author":"Lovegrove","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172789","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]],"date-time":"2024-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704585600000}}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/2\/196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T09:40:48Z","timestamp":1756978848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/2\/196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16020196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16020196","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/nu17172789","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]]}}}