{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:56:11Z","timestamp":1790283371148,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By reducing carbohydrate intake, people with type 1 diabetes may reduce fluctuations in blood glucose, but the evidence in this area is sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate glucose metrics during a one-week low-carbohydrate-high-fat (HF) and a low-carbohydrate-high-protein (HP) diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate (HC) diet. In a randomized, three-period cross-over study, twelve adults with insulin-pump-treated type 1 diabetes followed an HC (energy provided by carbohydrate: 48%, fat: 33%, protein: 19%), HF (19%, 62%, 19%), and an HP (19%, 57%, 24%) diet for one week. Glucose values were obtained during intervention periods using a Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitoring system. Participant characteristics were: 33% females, median (range) age 50 (22\u201370) years, diabetes duration 25 (11\u201352) years, HbA1c 7.3 (5.5\u20138.3)% (57 (37\u201367) mmol\/mol), and BMI 27.3 (21.3\u201335.9) kg\/m2. Glycemic variability was lower with HF (30.5 \u00b1 6.2%) and HP (30.0 \u00b1 5.5%) compared with HC (34.5 \u00b1 4.1%) (PHF-HC = 0.009, PHP-HC = 0.003). There was no difference between groups in mean glucose (HF: 8.7 \u00b1 1.1, HP: 8.2 \u00b1 1.0, HC: 8.7 \u00b1 1.0 mmol\/L, POverall = 0.08). Time &gt; 10.0 mmol\/L was lower with HP (22.3 \u00b1 11.8%) compared with HF (29.4 \u00b1 12.1%) and HC (29.5 \u00b1 13.4%) (PHF-HP = 0.037, PHC-HP = 0.037). In conclusion, a one-week HF and, specifically, an HP diet improved glucose metrics compared with an isocaloric HC diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T03:49:04Z","timestamp":1704685744000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sensor-Based Glucose Metrics during Different Diet Compositions in Type 1 Diabetes\u2014A Randomized One-Week Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper B.","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2253-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajenthen G.","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia M.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard M.","family":"Bracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sport, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1620-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"N\u00f8rgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6968-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Signe","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2","article-title":"Global Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Type 1 Diabetes in 2021 with Projection to 2040: A Modelling Study","volume":"10","author":"Gregory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.10.009","article-title":"Evolution of Diabetes Technology","volume":"49","author":"Dovc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. 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