{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T03:37:07Z","timestamp":1782704227274,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of the Republic of Korea","award":["2020R1A2C1004355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1004355"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of the Republic of Korea","award":["GCU-202205940001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202205940001"]}]},{"name":"Gachon University Research Fund of 2022","award":["2020R1A2C1004355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1004355"]}]},{"name":"Gachon University Research Fund of 2022","award":["GCU-202205940001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202205940001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caffeine is present in various foods and medicines and is highly accessible through various routes, regardless of age. However, most studies on caffeine have focused on the effects of high-dose caffeine ingestion based on the recommended daily amount for adults. In this study, we examined the physiological changes in the central and peripheral vessels that may occur when ingesting low-dose caffeine due to its high accessibility, with the aim of creating an environment of safe caffeine ingestion. This study included 26 healthy participants in their 20s. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), heart rate (HR), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) for vascular stiffness assessment were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min after caffeine ingestion using diagnostic ultrasound to determine the physiological changes in the blood vessels, common carotid artery (CCA) and radial artery (RA). In addition, percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood pressure (BP), and accelerated photoplethysmography (APG) were measured. In comparison with before ingestion, the HR tended to decrease and showed a significant difference at 30 and 60 min (p = 0.014 and p = 0.031, respectively). PSV significantly decreased in both vessels at 30 and 60 min (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). APG showed a decreasing trend until 60 min after ingestion, with a significant difference at 30 and 60 min (p = 0.003 and p = 0.012, respectively). No significant difference was observed in SpO2, BP, or PWV; however, they showed a tendency to increase after ingestion. Decreased HR may occur because of the baroreflex caused by an increase in BP. The RA has many branches and a smaller diameter; therefore, the PSV was lower in the RA than that in the CCA. This effect can occur because of the difficulty in the smooth expansion of blood vessels, which leads to a decrease in blood flow. In addition, an increase in intracellular calcium concentration can prevent vasodilation and increase the propagation velocity of pulse waves. The reflected waves can increase systolic blood pressure but reduce PWV and vascular elasticity. These results suggest that even low-dose caffeine can improve blood vessel health by providing temporary stimulation to the blood vessels; however, it can also cause changes in blood flow and blood vessel elasticity, which can lead to serious diseases such as stroke and high blood pressure. Therefore, caution should be exercised when caffeine consumption is indiscriminate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T03:21:41Z","timestamp":1704943301000},"page":"228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnostic Ultrasound-Based Investigation of Central vs. Peripheral Arterial Changes Consequent to Low-Dose Caffeine Ingestion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yu-Bin","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae-Hyeon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1873-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chansol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9573-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Ki","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x","article-title":"Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) in Foods: A Comprehensive Review on Consumption, Functionality, Safety, and Regulatory Matters","volume":"75","author":"Heckman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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