{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:46:29Z","timestamp":1792449989490,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sickle cell disease (SCD), a distinctive and often overlooked illness in the 21st century, is a congenital blood disorder characterized by considerable phenotypic diversity. It comprises a group of disorders, with sickle cell anemia (SCA) being the most prevalent and serious genotype. Although there have been some systematic reviews of global data, worldwide statistics regarding SCD prevalence, morbidity, and mortality remain scarce. In developed countries with a lower number of sickle cell patients, cutting-edge technologies have led to the development of new treatments. However, in developing settings where sickle cell disease (SCD) is more prevalent, medical management, rather than a cure, still relies on the use of hydroxyurea, blood transfusions, and analgesics. This is a disease that affects red blood cells, consequently affecting most organs in diverse manners. We discuss its etiology and the advent of new technologies, but the aim of this study is to understand the various types of nutrition-related studies involving individuals suffering from SCD, particularly in Africa. The interplay of the environment, food, gut microbiota, along with their respective genomes collectively known as the gut microbiome, and host metabolism is responsible for mediating host metabolic phenotypes and modulating gut microbiota. In addition, it serves the purpose of providing essential nutrients. Moreover, it engages in direct interactions with host homeostasis and the immune system, as well as indirect interactions via metabolites. Nutrition interventions and nutritional care are mechanisms for addressing increased nutrient expenditures and are important aspects of supportive management for patients with SCD. Underprivileged areas in Sub-Saharan Africa should be accompanied by efforts to define and promote of the nutritional aspects of SCD. Their importance is key to maintaining well-being and quality of life, especially because new technologies and products remain limited, while the use of native medicinal plant resources is acknowledged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:54:38Z","timestamp":1705294478000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Sickle Cell Disease Update: New Treatments and Challenging Nutritional Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2728-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Varzakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Psaltopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6841-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tito","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E35237","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035237","article-title":"Understanding Sickle Cell Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options","volume":"102","author":"Elendu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3390\/hemato3020024","article-title":"Sickle Cell Disease, a Review","volume":"3","author":"Tebbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemato"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216640385","article-title":"Minireview: Clinical Severity in Sickle Cell Disease: The Challenges of Definition and Prognostication","volume":"241","author":"Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. 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