{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1768738633523,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation and Mary &amp; Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation","award":["321428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321428"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation and Mary &amp; Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation","award":["220938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220938"]}]},{"name":"University of Eastern Finland doctoral school","award":["321428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321428"]}]},{"name":"University of Eastern Finland doctoral school","award":["220938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220938"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["321428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321428"]}]},{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["220938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220938"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["321428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321428"]}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation","award":["220938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220938"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research","award":["321428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321428"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research","award":["220938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220938"]}]},{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital, Centre of Excellence of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases","award":["321428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321428"]}]},{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital, Centre of Excellence of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases","award":["220938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220938"]}]},{"name":"University of Eastern Finland to enable the conduction of the intervention and project funding from the Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["321428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321428"]}]},{"name":"University of Eastern Finland to enable the conduction of the intervention and project funding from the Finnish Cultural Foundation","award":["220938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220938"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The GG genotype of the Patatin-like phosphatase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), dietary fat, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are linked with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We studied the impact of the quality of dietary fat on plasma (p) and fecal (f) SCFA and p-BCAA in men homozygous for the PNPLA3 rs738409 variant (I148M). Eighty-eight randomly assigned men (age 67.8 \u00b1 4.3 years, body mass index 27.1 \u00b1 2.5 kg\/m2) participated in a 12-week diet intervention. The recommended diet (RD) group followed the National and Nordic nutrition recommendations for fat intake. The average diet (AD) group followed the average fat intake in Finland. The intervention resulted in a decrease in total p-SCFAs and iso-butyric acid in the RD group (p = 0.041 and p = 0.002). Valeric acid (p-VA) increased in participants with the GG genotype regardless of the diet (RD, 3.6 \u00b1 0.6 to 7.0 \u00b1 0.6 \u00b5mol\/g, p = 0.005 and AD, 3.8 \u00b1 0.3 to 9.7 \u00b1 8.5 \u00b5mol\/g, p = 0.015). Also, genotype relation to p-VA was seen statistically significantly in the RD group (CC: 3.7 \u00b1 0.4 to 4.2 \u00b1 1.7 \u00b5mol\/g and GG: 3.6 \u00b1 0.6 to 7.0 \u00b1 0.6 \u00b5mol\/g, p = 0.0026 for time and p = 0.004 for time and genotype). P-VA, unlike any other SCFA, correlated positively with plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase (r = 0.240, p = 0.025). Total p-BCAAs concentration changed in the AD group comparing PNPLA3 CC and GG genotypes (CC: 612 \u00b1 184 to 532 \u00b1 149 \u00b5mol\/g and GG: 587 \u00b1 182 to 590 \u00b1 130 \u00b5mol\/g, p = 0.015 for time). Valine decreased in the RD group (p = 0.009), and leucine decreased in the AD group (p = 0.043). RD decreased total fecal SCFA, acetic acid (f-AA), and butyric acid (f-BA) in those with CC genotype (p = 0.006, 0.013 and 0.005, respectively). Our results suggest that the PNPLA3 genotype modifies the effect of dietary fat modification for p-VA, total f-SCFA, f-AA and f-BA, and total p-BCAA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:03:30Z","timestamp":1705377810000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PNPLA3 Genotype and Dietary Fat Modify Concentrations of Plasma and Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids and Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Milla-Maria","family":"Tauriainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Endoscopy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Csader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lankinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9258-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwun Kwan","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6800-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congjia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Lahtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"El-Nezamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3394-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"Laakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","article-title":"Genetic Variation in PNPLA3 Confers Susceptibility to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"40","author":"Romeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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