{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:02Z","timestamp":1760143202734,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Vice Chancellor of Graduate Research Education Fall Competition Award","award":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"]}]},{"name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Pandemic-Affected Research Continuation Initiative","award":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Molecular Environmental Toxicology Training","award":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"]}]},{"name":"FRAXA Research Foundation","award":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-67001-28266","R25 ES020720"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a pediatric epidemic that is more prevalent in children with developmental disabilities. We hypothesize that soy protein-based diets increase weight gain and alter neurobehavioral outcomes. Our objective herein was to test matched casein- and soy protein-based purified ingredient diets in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, Fmr1KO mice. The experimental methods included assessment of growth; 24-7 activity levels; motor coordination; learning and memory; blood-based amino acid, phytoestrogen and glucose levels; and organ weights. The primary outcome measure was body weight. We find increased body weight in male Fmr1KO from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P224, male wild type (WT) from P32\u2013P39, female Fmr1KO from P6\u2013P18 and P168\u2013P224, and female Fmr1HET from P9\u2013P18 as a function of soy. Activity at the beginning of the light and dark cycles increased in female Fmr1HET and Fmr1KO mice fed soy. We did not find significant differences in rotarod or passive avoidance behavior as a function of genotype or diet. Several blood-based amino acids and phytoestrogens were significantly altered in response to soy. Liver weight was increased in WT and adipose tissue in Fmr1KO mice fed soy. Activity levels at the beginning of the light cycle and testes weight were greater in Fmr1KO versus WT males irrespective of diet. DEXA analysis at 8-months-old indicated increased fat mass and total body area in Fmr1KO females and lean mass and bone mineral density in Fmr1KO males fed soy. Overall, dietary consumption of soy protein isolate by C57BL\/6J mice caused increased growth, which could be attributed to increased lean mass in males and fat mass in females. There were sex-specific differences with more pronounced effects in Fmr1KO versus WT and in males versus females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1705549856000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Soy Protein Isolate on Fragile X Phenotypes in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pamela R.","family":"Westmark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Environmental Toxicology Master\u2019s Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brynne","family":"Boeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Undergraduate Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Van Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Ripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Undergraduate Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3520-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole Arianne","family":"Pagan-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Environmental Toxicology Summer Research Opportunities Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Brower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrice K.","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Scarlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3919-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara J.","family":"Westmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90397-H","article-title":"Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Verkerk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.252.5009.1097","article-title":"Instability of a 550-base pair DNA segment and abnormal methylation in fragile X syndrome","volume":"252","author":"Rousseau","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2017.07.008","article-title":"Multifarious Functions of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein","volume":"33","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagerman, R.J., and Hagerman, P.J. 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