{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:42:24Z","timestamp":1792806144937,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil","award":["140808\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140808\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epicatechin is a polyphenol compound that promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and counteracts the pathways that participate in the degradation of proteins. Several studies present contradictory results of treatment protocols and therapeutic effects. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the current literature showing the molecular mechanism and clinical protocol of epicatechin in muscle atrophy in humans, animals, and myoblast cell-line. The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed\/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The qualitative analysis demonstrated that there is a commonness of epicatechin inhibitory action in myostatin expression and atrogenes MAFbx, FOXO, and MuRF1. Epicatechin showed positive effects on follistatin and on the stimulation of factors related to the myogenic actions (MyoD, Myf5, and myogenin). Furthermore, the literature also showed that epicatechin can interfere with mitochondrias\u2019 biosynthesis in muscle fibers, stimulation of the signaling pathways of AKT\/mTOR protein production, and amelioration of skeletal musculature performance, particularly when combined with physical exercise. Epicatechin can, for these reasons, exhibit clinical applicability due to the beneficial results under conditions that negatively affect the skeletal musculature. However, there is no protocol standardization or enough clinical evidence to draw more specific conclusions on its therapeutic implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T06:49:31Z","timestamp":1705906171000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["New Trends to Treat Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Epicatechin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7624-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris Jasmin Santos","family":"German","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Oct\u00e1vio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina Torres","family":"Pomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus Carlos","family":"Andreo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Oct\u00e1vio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor Tadashi Cosin","family":"Shindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Oct\u00e1vio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela Vialogo Marques de","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Rucco P.","family":"Detregiachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, S\u00e3o 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