{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T22:20:33Z","timestamp":1783030833146,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Grant of the City University of New York"},{"name":"American Egg Board\/Egg Nutrition Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lutein and its isomer zeaxanthin serve as antioxidants and preserve cognitive function during aging. However, whether lutein\/zeaxanthin (L + Z) exposure early in life improves cognitive development of children is rarely explored. It is also unknown whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), characterized by heightened oxidative stress, affects lutein metabolism. This prospective longitudinal cohort study examined the differences in L + Z intake and metabolism, as well as the association between maternal L + Z intake and children\u2019s cognitive development in GDM versus non-GDM pregnancies. Seventy-six pregnant women (n = 40 with GDM) were recruited between 25 and 33 weeks of gestation and dietary intakes were recorded. At delivery, cord blood was collected, and 2 years later, the Bayley III developmental test was conducted on a subset of children (n = 38). The results suggest that GDM reduced cord blood lutein levels at birth; L + Z intake during pregnancy was associated with better cognitive (\u03b2 = 0.003, p = 0.001) and language (\u03b2 = 0.002, p = 0.038) scoring of children at 2 years regardless of GDM status. In conclusion, maternal L + Z intake was positively associated with children\u2019s developmental scores, regardless of GDM. More studies are needed to confirm such associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T11:36:41Z","timestamp":1705923401000},"page":"328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal Lutein Intake during Pregnancies with or without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Cognitive Development of Children at 2 Years of Age: A Prospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isma\u2019il","family":"Kadam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chauntelle","family":"Nebie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudar","family":"Dalloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Hittelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Fordjour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Hoepner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itamar D.","family":"Futterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Minkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz066","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz066","article-title":"Lutein across the Lifespan: From Childhood Cognitive Performance to the Aging Eye and Brain","volume":"3","author":"Stringham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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