{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:51:34Z","timestamp":1792083094075,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such as luminal distension induced by gas and water but also recent evidence on the role of FOMAPs in the modulation of visceral hypersensitivity, increases in intestinal permeability, the induction of microbiota changes, and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as metabolomics and alterations in motility. Although most of the supporting evidence is of low quality, recent trials have confirmed its effectiveness, even though the majority of the evidence pertains only to the restriction phase and its effectiveness in relieving abdominal bloating and pain. This review examines potential pathophysiological mechanisms and provides an overview of the existing evidence on the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet across various IBS subtypes. Key considerations for its use include the challenges and disadvantages associated with its practical implementation, including the need for professional guidance, variations in individual responses, concerns related to microbiota, nutritional deficiencies, the development of constipation, the necessity of excluding an eating disorder before commencing the diet, and the scarcity of long-term data. Despite its recognized efficacy in symptom management, acknowledging these limitations becomes imperative for a nuanced comprehension of the role of a low FODMAP diet in managing IBS. By investigating its potential mechanisms and evidence across IBS subtypes and addressing emerging modulations alongside limitations, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and patients navigating the intricate landscape of IBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T10:54:27Z","timestamp":1706266467000},"page":"370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The Role of the FODMAP Diet in IBS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9816-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Bertin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9141-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriana","family":"Zanconato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8388-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Crepaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7167-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Marasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Cremon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Barbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigida","family":"Barberio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Zingone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3187-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo Vincenzo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Universit\u00e0 Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","article-title":"Bowel Disorders","volume":"150","author":"Lacy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome According to Rome III or IV Criteria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Oka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.131","article-title":"Effect of Gender on Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the Community: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"107","author":"Lovell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation Global Study","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12259","article-title":"Functional Bowel Disorders with Diarrhoea: Clinical Guidelines of the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility","volume":"10","author":"Savarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.11.015","article-title":"Italian Guidelines for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Joint Consensus from the Italian Societies of: Gastroenterology and Endoscopy (SIGE), Neurogastroenterology and Motility (SINGEM), Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO), Digestive Endoscopy (SIED), General Medicine (SIMG), Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition (SIGENP) and Pediatrics (SIP)","volume":"55","author":"Barbara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032","article-title":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV","volume":"150","author":"Drossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0502-z","article-title":"Anxiety and Depression Comorbidities in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"264","author":"Fond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E102","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000530","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Cassar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.039","article-title":"Mast Cell-Dependent Excitation of Visceral-Nociceptive Sensory Neurons in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Barbara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320633","article-title":"Understanding Neuroimmune Interactions in Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction: From Functional to Immune-Mediated Disorders","volume":"72","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29255","article-title":"Role for Protease Activity in Visceral Pain in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Cenac","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.055","article-title":"Activated Mast Cells in Proximity to Colonic Nerves Correlate with Abdominal Pain in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Barbara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718356","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.718356","article-title":"Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier","volume":"8","author":"Barbara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00700-9","article-title":"Immune Activation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What Is the Evidence?","volume":"22","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30023-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Holtmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00794-z","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Mental Health Comorbidity\u2014Approach to Multidisciplinary Management","volume":"20","author":"Staudacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marasco, G., Cremon, C., Barbaro, M.R., Stanghellini, V., and Barbara, G. (2022). Gut Microbiota Signatures and Modulation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Microbiome Res. Rep., 1.","DOI":"10.20517\/mrr.2021.12"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-318160","article-title":"Efficacy of Pharmacological Therapies in Patients with IBS with Diarrhoea or Mixed Stool Pattern: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"69","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.007","article-title":"Relative Efficacy of Tegaserod in a Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Licensed Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation","volume":"18","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.021","article-title":"Efficacy of Secretagogues in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"155","author":"Black","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30324-3","article-title":"Efficacy of Soluble Fibre, Antispasmodic Drugs, and Gut\u2013Brain Neuromodulators in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.08.025","article-title":"Placebo Response Rates in Trials of Licensed Drugs for Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation or Diarrhea: Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Barberio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.105","article-title":"Self-Reported Food-Related Gastrointestinal Symptoms in IBS Are Common and Associated with More Severe Symptoms and Reduced Quality of Life","volume":"108","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000051878","article-title":"Food-Related Gastrointestinal Symptoms in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Langkilde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"772","article-title":"Self-Reported Food Intolerances in an Indian Population: Need for Individualization Rather than a Universal Low-FODMAP Diet","volume":"7","author":"Abraham","year":"2023","journal-title":"JGH Open Open Access J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756283X17746625","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X17746625","article-title":"Food Consumption and Dietary Intakes in 36,448 Adults and Their Association with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Nutrinet-Sant\u00e9 Study","volume":"11","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingone, F., Bertin, L., Maniero, D., Palo, M., Lorenzon, G., Barberio, B., Ciacci, C., and Savarino, E.V. (2023). Myths and Facts about Food Intolerance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234969"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.099","article-title":"Behavioral and Diet Therapies in Integrated Care for Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Chey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13698","article-title":"FODMAPs: Food Composition, Defining Cutoff Values and International Application","volume":"32","author":"Varney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001767","article-title":"The Role of Food in the Treatment of Bowel Disorders: Focus on Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Constipation","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325214","article-title":"Efficacy of a Low FODMAP Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Black","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02506.x","article-title":"Personal View: Food for Thought\u2014Western Lifestyle and Susceptibility to Crohn\u2019s Disease. The FODMAP Hypothesis","volume":"21","author":"Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"583","article-title":"Carbohydrate Malabsorption and the Effect of Dietary Restriction on Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Bowel Complaints","volume":"2","author":"Goldstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J. IMAJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.07.010","article-title":"Fructose Malabsorption and Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Guidelines for Effective Dietary Management","volume":"106","author":"Shepherd","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"765","article-title":"Dietary Triggers of Abdominal Symptoms in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Randomized Placebo-Controlled Evidence","volume":"6","author":"Shepherd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x","article-title":"Manipulation of Dietary Short Chain Carbohydrates Alters the Pattern of Gas Production and Genesis of Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Ong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04237.x","article-title":"Dietary Poorly Absorbed, Short-Chain Carbohydrates Increase Delivery of Water and Fermentable Substrates to the Proximal Colon","volume":"31","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2010.01139.x","article-title":"Quantification of Fructans, Galacto-Oligosacharides and Other Short-Chain Carbohydrates in Processed Grains and Cereals","volume":"24","author":"Biesiekierski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. Off. J. Br. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2014.917956","article-title":"Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols: Role in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Tuck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.386","article-title":"Differential Effects of FODMAPs (Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-Saccharides and Polyols) on Small and Large Intestinal Contents in Healthy Subjects Shown by MRI","volume":"109","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640613510905","article-title":"Fructose-Induced Symptoms beyond Malabsorption in FGID","volume":"2","author":"Biesiekierski","year":"2014","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.96","article-title":"Short-Chain Carbohydrates and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"108","author":"Shepherd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.013","article-title":"Fermentable Sugar Ingestion, Gas Production, and Gastrointestinal and Central Nervous System Symptoms in Patients with Functional Disorders","volume":"155","author":"Olesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.062","article-title":"Colon Hypersensitivity to Distension, Rather Than Excessive Gas Production, Produces Carbohydrate-Related Symptoms in Individuals With Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Major","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026659512786","article-title":"Comparison of Diarrhea Induced by Ingestion of Fructooligosaccharide Idolax and Disaccharide Lactulose: Role of Osmolarity versus Fermentation of Malabsorbed Carbohydrate","volume":"43","author":"Clausen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x","article-title":"Evidence-Based Dietary Management of Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms: The FODMAP Approach","volume":"25","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(71)80083-5","article-title":"Role of the Small Bowel and Colon in Lactose-Induced Diarrhea","volume":"60","author":"Christopher","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90445-2","article-title":"Decreased Fluid Tolerance, Accelerated Transit, and Abnormal Motility of the Human Colon Induced by Oleic Acid","volume":"91","author":"Spiller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.10.055","article-title":"Postprandial Changes in Small Bowel Water Content in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Marciani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16673","article-title":"Small Bowel Water Content Assessed by MRI in Health and Disease: A Collation of Single-Centre Studies","volume":"55","author":"Dellschaft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.198","article-title":"Bloating and Distention in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Role of Gas Production and Visceral Sensation after Lactose Ingestion in a Population with Lactase Deficiency","volume":"108","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-313750","article-title":"The Low FODMAP Diet: Recent Advances in Understanding Its Mechanisms and Efficacy in IBS","volume":"66","author":"Staudacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, T.J., Jalanka, J., Major, G.A.D., Krishnasamy, S., Pritchard, S., Abdelrazig, S., Korpela, K., Singh, G., Mulvenna, C., and Hoad, C.L. (2018). A Low FODMAP Diet Is Associated with Changes in the Microbiota and Reduction in Breath Hydrogen but Not Colonic Volume in Healthy Subjects. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201410"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.117390","article-title":"Increased Colonic Pain Sensitivity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Is the Result of an Increased Tendency to Report Pain Rather than Increased Neurosensory Sensitivity","volume":"56","author":"Dorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00313","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000313","article-title":"Pain Severity Correlates With Biopsy-Mediated Colonic Afferent Activation But Not Psychological Scores in Patients With IBS-D","volume":"12","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.05.009","article-title":"Thicker Posterior Insula Is Associated with Disease Duration in Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Whereas Thicker Orbitofrontal Cortex Predicts Reduced Pain Inhibition in Both IBS Patients and Controls","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850172502","article-title":"Fructose-Sorbitol Malabsorption and Symptom Provocation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Relationship to Enteric Hypersensitivity and Dysmotility","volume":"33","author":"Evans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.10.037","article-title":"Lactose and Fructo-Oligosaccharides Increase Visceral Sensitivity in Mice via Glycation Processes, Increasing Mast Cell Density in Colonic Mucosa","volume":"158","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146529","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146529","article-title":"High FODMAP Diet Causes Barrier Loss via Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Mast Cell Activation","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92390","article-title":"FODMAP Diet Modulates Visceral Nociception by Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Intestinal Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction","volume":"128","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1901275","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201901275","article-title":"Effect of Gluten Ingestion and FODMAP Restriction on Intestinal Epithelial Integrity in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Self-Reported Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity","volume":"65","author":"Ajamian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311339","article-title":"FODMAPs Alter Symptoms and the Metabolome of Patients with IBS: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"66","author":"McIntosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.717925","article-title":"The Role of Intestinal Permeability in Gastrointestinal Disorders and Current Methods of Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prospero, L., Riezzo, G., Linsalata, M., Orlando, A., D\u2019Attoma, B., and Russo, F. (2021). Psychological and Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Undergoing a Low-FODMAP Diet: The Role of the Intestinal Barrier. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072469"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.005","article-title":"The Fecal Microbiota of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients Differs Significantly From That of Healthy Subjects","volume":"133","author":"Kassinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"778","article-title":"Faecal Microbiota Composition Associates with Abdominal Pain in the General Population","volume":"67","author":"Hadizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301501","article-title":"An Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtype Defined by Species-Specific Alterations in Faecal Microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Jeffery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316502","article-title":"Functional Abdominal Pain and Discomfort (IBS) Is Not Associated with Faecal Microbiota Composition in the General Population","volume":"68","author":"Frost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318717","article-title":"No Distinct Microbiome Signature of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Found in a Swedish Random Population","volume":"69","author":"Hugerth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.049","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"157","author":"Pittayanon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandeputte, D., and Joossens, M. (2020). Effects of Low and High FODMAP Diets on Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota Composition in Adults with Intestinal Diseases: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111638"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-010-0206-6","article-title":"Carbohydrate Metabolism in Bifidobacteria","volume":"6","author":"Pokusaeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy041","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Intervention on Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"107","author":"So","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.220","article-title":"Altered Colonic Bacterial Fermentation as a Potential Pathophysiological Factor in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108280","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2108280","article-title":"Fatty Acids Produced by the Gut Microbiota Dampen Host Inflammatory Responses by Modulating Intestinal SUMOylation","volume":"14","author":"Ezzine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.04.007","article-title":"Benefits of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Receptors in Inflammation and Carcinogenesis","volume":"164","author":"Sivaprakasam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Health and Disease","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01775.x","article-title":"Colonic Butyrate- Algesic or Analgesic?","volume":"23","author":"Kannampalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"36","article-title":"Controversies and Recent Developments of the Low-FODMAP Diet","volume":"13","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12969","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12969","article-title":"Effects of Varying Dietary Content of Fermentable Short-Chain Carbohydrates on Symptoms, Fecal Microenvironment, and Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Hustoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.159285","article-title":"Fermentable Carbohydrate Restriction Reduces Luminal Bifidobacteria and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Staudacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac176","article-title":"Effects of a Low FODMAP Diet on the Colonic Microbiome in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"116","author":"So","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307264","article-title":"Diets That Differ in Their FODMAP Content Alter the Colonic Luminal Microenvironment","volume":"64","author":"Halmos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000448280","article-title":"Fecal Fermentation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Influence of Dietary Restriction of Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols","volume":"94","author":"Valeur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2346-1","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Bridges Dietary Nutrients and Host Immunity","volume":"66","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0438-4","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites as Multi-Kingdom Intermediates","volume":"19","author":"Krautkramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.076133","article-title":"The Food Metabolome: A Window over Dietary Exposure123","volume":"99","author":"Scalbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33050-0","article-title":"An Online Atlas of Human Plasma Metabolite Signatures of Gut Microbiome Composition","volume":"13","author":"Dekkers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0135-7","article-title":"The Fecal Metabolome as a Functional Readout of the Gut Microbiome","volume":"50","author":"Zierer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R248","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00016.2023","article-title":"IBS Randomized Study: FODMAPs Alter Bile Acids, Phenolic- and Tryptophan Metabolites, While Gluten Modifies Lipids","volume":"325","author":"Nordin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"G940","article-title":"Stimulation of Duodenal Motility by Hyperosmolar Mannitol Depends on Local Osmoreceptor Control","volume":"266","author":"Lin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"G8","article-title":"Role of GIP and Insulin in Glucose-Induced Changes in Intestinal Motility Patterns","volume":"252","author":"Thor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13167","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13167","article-title":"Effect of Intragastric FODMAP Infusion on Upper Gastrointestinal Motility, Gastrointestinal, and Psychological Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome vs Healthy Controls","volume":"30","author":"Masuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16812","article-title":"Gut-Brain Axis Dysfunction Underlies FODMAP-Induced Symptom Generation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.04.039","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Update on Evaluation and Management of Belching, Abdominal Bloating, and Distention: Expert Review","volume":"165","author":"Moshiree","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15079","article-title":"Review Article: Implementation of a Diet Low in FODMAPs for Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome\u2014Directions for Future Research","volume":"49","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001036","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Lacy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm19041","article-title":"Second Asian Consensus on Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Gwee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324598","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology Guidelines on the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Vasant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12270","article-title":"European Guidelines on Functional Bowel Disorders with Diarrhoea: United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) Statements and Recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Tornkvist","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.248","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Role of Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Expert Review","volume":"162","author":"Chey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2023, December 10). British Society of Gastroenterology Guidelines on the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Available online: https:\/\/www.bsg.org.uk\/clinical-resource\/british-society-of-gastroenterology-guidelines-on-the-management-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome\/."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimidi, E., Belogianni, K., Whelan, K., and Lomer, M.C.E. (2023). Gut Symptoms during FODMAP Restriction and Symptom Response to Food Challenges during FODMAP Reintroduction: A Real-World Evaluation in 21,462 Participants Using a Mobile Application. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122683"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.434","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Low FODMAP Diet vs. Modified NICE Guidelines in US Adults with IBS-D","volume":"111","author":"Eswaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15410","article-title":"Low Fermentable Oligosaccharide, Disaccharide, Monosaccharide, and Polyol Diet in Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Prospective, Randomized Trial","volume":"36","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.09.046","article-title":"A Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Halmos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paduano, D., Cingolani, A., Tanda, E., and Usai, P. (2019). Effect of Three Diets (Low-FODMAP, Gluten-Free and Balanced) on Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071566"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.02.045","article-title":"Efficacy and Acceptability of Dietary Therapies in Non-Constipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Trial of Traditional Dietary Advice, the Low FODMAP Diet, and the Gluten-Free Diet","volume":"20","author":"Rej","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.051","article-title":"Traditional Dietary Advice, Low FODMAP Diet, or Gluten-Free Diet for IBS: Growing Understanding but Uncertainties Remain","volume":"21","author":"Staudacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16215","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i43.16215","article-title":"Ehealth: Low FODMAP Diet vs Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Gh","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00454","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000454","article-title":"A Randomized Pilot Study to Compare the Effectiveness of a Low FODMAP Diet vs Psyllium in Patients With Fecal Incontinence and Loose Stools","volume":"13","author":"Menees","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325821","article-title":"Diet or Medication in Primary Care Patients with IBS: The DOMINO Study\u2014A Randomised Trial Supported by the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE Trials Programme) and the Rome Foundation Research Institute","volume":"71","author":"Carbone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13706","article-title":"Randomised Clinical Trial: The Efficacy of Gut-Directed Hypnotherapy Is Similar to that of the Low FODMAP Diet for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14400","article-title":"Randomised Clinical Trial: Yoga vs a Low-FODMAP Diet in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Schumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm22035","article-title":"How to Implement the 3-Phase FODMAP Diet Into Gastroenterological Practice","volume":"28","author":"Sultan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14650","article-title":"Controversies and Reality of the FODMAP Diet for Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Halmos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14575","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14575","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Assessing Fructose Tolerance during Fructose Reintroduction in Non-Constipated Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients Successfully Treated with a Low FODMAP Diet","volume":"35","author":"Cuff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chojnacki, C., Poplawski, T., Blonska, A., Konrad, P., Chojnacki, J., and Blasiak, J. (2023). The Usefulness of the Low-FODMAP Diet with Limited Tryptophan Intake in the Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081837"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.11.001","article-title":"Low FODMAP Diet Reduces Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Clinical Response Could Be Predicted by Symptom Severity: A Randomized Crossover Trial","volume":"41","author":"Algera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghoshal, U.C., Mustafa, U., and Mukhopadhyay, S.K. (2023). FODMAP Meal Challenge Test: A Novel Investigation to Predict Response to Low-FODMAP Diet in Non-Constipating Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16424"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313128","article-title":"Multivariate Modelling of Faecal Bacterial Profiles of Patients with IBS Predicts Responsiveness to a Diet Low in FODMAPs","volume":"67","author":"Bennet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325177","article-title":"Two Microbiota Subtypes Identified in Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Distinct Responses to the Low FODMAP Diet","volume":"71","author":"Vervier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colomier, E., Van Oudenhove, L., Tack, J., B\u00f6hn, L., Bennet, S., Nybacka, S., St\u00f6rsrud, S., \u00d6hman, L., T\u00f6rnblom, H., and Simr\u00e9n, M. (2022). Predictors of Symptom-Specific Treatment Response to Dietary Interventions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020397"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13286","article-title":"Randomised Clinical Trial: Gut Microbiome Biomarkers Are Associated with Clinical Response to a Low FODMAP Diet in Children with the Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Chumpitazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.041","article-title":"Methane and Fatty Acid Metabolism Pathways Are Predictive of Low-FODMAP Diet Efficacy for Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Eetemadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4893-3","article-title":"Exploring Gut Microbiota Composition as an Indicator of Clinical Response to Dietary FODMAP Restriction in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Valeur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"385","article-title":"Volatile Organic Compounds in Feces Associate With Response to Dietary Intervention in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17609","article-title":"Faecal and Urine Metabolites, but Not Gut Microbiota, May Predict Response to Low FODMAP Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.01.017","article-title":"Nutrient Intake, Diet Quality, and Diet Diversity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Impact of the Low FODMAP Diet","volume":"120","author":"Staudacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i15.4009","article-title":"Follow-up of Patients with Functional Bowel Symptoms Treated with a Low FODMAP Diet","volume":"22","author":"Maagaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13154","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13154","article-title":"Long-Term Impact of the Low-FODMAP Diet on Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Dietary Intake, Patient Acceptability, and Healthcare Utilization in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Jansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14640","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14640","article-title":"Optimizing Educational Methods for the Low FODMAP Diet in Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"35","author":"Dimidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13730","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13730","article-title":"Implementation of the Low FODMAP Diet in Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Real-World Experience","volume":"32","author":"Tuck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12530","article-title":"The Low FODMAP Diet in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Evidence-Based Review of FODMAP Restriction, Reintroduction and Personalisation in Clinical Practice","volume":"31","author":"Whelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. Off. J. Br. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellini, M., Tonarelli, S., Nagy, A.G., Pancetti, A., Costa, F., Ricchiuti, A., de Bortoli, N., Mosca, M., Marchi, S., and Rossi, A. (2020). Low FODMAP Diet: Evidence, Doubts, and Hopes. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010148"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15891","article-title":"Association between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Micronutrients: A Systematic Review","volume":"37","author":"Bek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.03.003","article-title":"The Impact of a 4-Week Low-FODMAP and mNICE Diet on Nutrient Intake in a Sample of US Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea","volume":"120","author":"Eswaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morariu, I.-D., Avasilcai, L., Vieriu, M., Lupu, V.V., Morariu, B.-A., Lupu, A., Morariu, P.-C., Pop, O.-L., Starcea, I.M., and Trandafir, L. (2023). Effects of a Low-FODMAP Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Both Children and Adults-A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102295"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.07.054","article-title":"Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome as Well as Traditional Dietary Advice: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"149","author":"Liljebo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.010","article-title":"A Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and A Probiotic Restores Bifidobacterium Species: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"153","author":"Staudacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1404","article-title":"The Low FODMAP Diet for IBS; A Multicentre UK Study Assessing Long Term Follow Up","volume":"53","author":"Rej","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis. Off. J. Ital. Soc. Gastroenterol. Ital. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.07.043","article-title":"Interplay between Food and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease","volume":"115","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int. Ott. Ont"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0082","article-title":"Effect of Fructans, Prebiotics and Fibres on the Human Gut Microbiome Assessed by 16S rRNA-Based Approaches: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"331","article-title":"Altered Molecular Signature of Intestinal Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients Compared with Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis. Off. J. Ital. Soc. Gastroenterol. Ital. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.043","article-title":"Global and Deep Molecular Analysis of Microbiota Signatures in Fecal Samples from Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Biagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusco, W., Lorenzo, M.B., Cintoni, M., Porcari, S., Rinninella, E., Kaitsas, F., Lener, E., Mele, M.C., Gasbarrini, A., and Collado, M.C. (2023). Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14241","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14241","article-title":"Long-Term Personalized Low FODMAP Diet Improves Symptoms and Maintains Luminal Bifidobacteria Abundance in Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Staudacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000641","article-title":"\u03b2-Galactooligosaccharide in Conjunction With Low FODMAP Diet Improves Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms but Reduces Fecal Bifidobacteria","volume":"115","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070623x","article-title":"Fructan and Free Fructose Content of Common Australian Vegetables and Fruit","volume":"55","author":"Muir","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802700e","article-title":"Measurement of Short-Chain Carbohydrates in Common Australian Vegetables and Fruits by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)","volume":"57","author":"Muir","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105914","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Habitual Intake of Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono- Saccharides and Polyols in the General Population and Revisiting the Low FODMAP Diet Concept","volume":"112","author":"Zanzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15470","article-title":"What Is the Optimal FODMAP Threshold in IBS?","volume":"36","author":"Rej","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.593","article-title":"Low FODMAP Dietary Food Lists Are Often Discordant","volume":"112","author":"McMeans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"374","article-title":"Existing Differences between Available Lists of FODMAP-Containing Foods","volume":"115","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15818","article-title":"Review Article: FODMAPS, Prebiotics and Gut Health-the FODMAP Hypothesis Revisited","volume":"52","author":"Gibson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"2112","article-title":"Supplementing Dietary Fibers with a Low FODMAP Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial","volume":"20","author":"So","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwio\u017adzik, W., Krupa-Kotara, K., Ca\u0142yniuk, B., Helisz, P., Grajek, M., and G\u0142ogowska-Ligus, J. (2022). Traditional, Vegetarian, or Low FODMAP Diets and Their Relation to Symptoms of Eating Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study among Young Women in Poland. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194125"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravina, A.G., Dallio, M., Romeo, M., Di Somma, A., Cotticelli, G., Loguercio, C., and Federico, A. (2020). Adherence and Effects Derived from FODMAP Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Real Life Evaluation of a Large Follow-Up Observation. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040928"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12128","article-title":"The Low FODMAP Diet Improves Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Prospective Study","volume":"67","author":"Dobbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/3\/370\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:50:02Z","timestamp":1760104202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/3\/370"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16030370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16030370","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]}}}