{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:38:15Z","timestamp":1787985495762,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thyroid gland produces hormones that are essential for various body functions. Hypothyroidism is defined as insufficient thyroid hormone production. Several studies have found associations between specific micronutrients and overall thyroid function; however, the amount of evidence regarding the relationship between dietary patterns and hypothyroidism among the U.S. population is limited. Data from three cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2007\u20132008, 2009\u20132010, and 2011\u20132012, were used (n = 8317). Subjects with serum thyroid stimulating hormone &gt;4.5 mIU\/L or on levothyroxine were considered to have hypothyroidism. Age, sex, race\/ethnicity, body mass index, and several lifestyle factors were considered as covariates. Three patterns were extracted using factor analysis. These were labeled as fat\u2013processed grains\u2013sugars\u2013meats (FPSM), oils\u2013nuts\u2013potatoes\u2013low-fat meats (ONPL), and fruits\u2013whole grains\u2013vegetables\u2013dairy (FWVD) patterns. In a weighted multiple logistic regression, FPSM and ONPL were inversely associated with hypothyroidism (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57\u20131; p = 0.049 and OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67\u20130.97; p = 0.025, respectively). However, FWVD demonstrated no association with hypothyroidism (p = 0.63). In conclusion, FPSM and ONPL patterns but not FWVD patterns were associated with hypothyroidism in U.S. adults. Nutrient deficiencies and their interactions may be linked to hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:54:03Z","timestamp":1706518443000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dietary Patterns and Hypothyroidism in U.S. Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3099-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zumin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Ganji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, 1050 Wishard Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Patil, N., Rehman, A., and Jialal, I. (2022). 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