{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:50Z","timestamp":1760143310329,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"E-Science Fund Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia","award":["02-01-04-SF1410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02-01-04-SF1410"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serum 25(OH)D deficiency consistently demonstrated molecular mechanisms through which chronic inflammation is associated with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study aimed to determine the association between serum 25(OH)D and NPC. A matched case\u2013control study was conducted at two local hospitals. A total of 300 histologically confirmed NPC cases were matched with controls for age, gender, and ethnicity, and assessed for vitamin D status and other nutritional factors. Mean Vitamin D concentration was significantly lower among cases compared to controls (63.17 \u00b1 19.15 nmol\/L and 67.34 \u00b1 23.06 nmol\/L) (t = \u22122.41, p = 0.016). Multiple conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of serum 25(OH)D were associated with reduced odds of NPC (AOR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.57\u20130.94, p = 0.016) controlling for confounders including BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, consumption of food high in vitamin D, salted fish consumption, and family history of NPC. There was a significant association between inadequate serum 25(OH)D status with accumulation of four risk factors and increased odds of getting NPC using polynomial regression analysis. Increased NPC odds ratios were observed after sequential accumulation of additional risk factors with the presence of inadequate serum 25(OH)D status (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.27, 4.77, p = 0.322, OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.64, 1.72, p = 0.267, OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.73, 1.80, p = 0.067, OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.13, 3.31, p = 0.022, and OR = 5.55, 95% CI = 1.67, 10.3, p &lt; 0.001 respectively). Future research in Malaysia should involve both prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials to confirm and further clarify the role of vitamin D in NPC outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:45:12Z","timestamp":1706586312000},"page":"397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Inversely Associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Hospital-Based Matched Case\u2013Control Study in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaidehi","family":"Ulaganathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munn Sann","family":"Lye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Peng","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoke Yeow","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, KPJ Healthcare University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, KPJ Johor Specialist Hospital, Johor Bharu 80100, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirnalini","family":"Kandiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Digsha","family":"Augundhooa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4918-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanima","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Science, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya 47301, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebtesam","family":"Al-Olayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.9","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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