{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:07:24Z","timestamp":1781737644249,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IWK Establishment grant","award":["1026365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026365"]}]},{"name":"Dalhousie Faculty of Medicine Ross Stuart Smith RIM Summer Studentship","award":["1026365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026365"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron supplementation is routinely recommended for breast-milk-fed preterm infants. However, the Canadian Pediatric Society recommends no additional iron supplementation for preterm infants fed primarily with iron-rich formula. Other pediatric societies don\u2019t provide specific guidance on supplemental iron for formula-fed preterm infants. This study investigated how feeding type influences iron status of very preterm infants at 4\u20136-months corrected age (CA). A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a population-based database on all very preterm infants (&lt;31 weeks gestational age) born in Nova Scotia, Canada from 2005\u20132018. Information about feeding type, iron intake from formula, supplemental iron therapy and iron status at 4\u20136-months CA was extracted. Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as serum ferritin &lt;20 and &lt;12 \u00b5g\/L at 4-and 6-months CA, respectively. Of 392 infants, 107 were \u201cbreast-milk-fed\u201d (exclusively or partially) and 285 were \u201cnot breast-milk-fed\u201d (exclusively fed with iron-rich formula) at 4\u20136-months CA. Total daily iron intake was higher in the non-breast-milk-fed group (2.6 mg\/kg\/day versus 2.0 mg\/kg\/day). Despite this, 36.8% of non-breast-milk-fed infants developed ID versus 20.6% of breast-milk-fed infants. ID is significantly more prevalent in non-breast-milk-fed infants than breast-milk-fed infants despite higher iron intake. This suggests the need to revisit recommendations for iron supplementation in non-breast-milk-fed preterm infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T11:35:34Z","timestamp":1706614534000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Non Breast-Milk-Fed Very Preterm Infants Are at Increased Risk of Iron Deficiency at 4\u20136-Months Corrected Age: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1847-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Power","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketan","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hudson","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsha","family":"Campbell-Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Stratas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Landry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satvinder","family":"Ghotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S560","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070284S409","article-title":"Iron deficiency and child development","volume":"28","author":"Lozoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr. 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