{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:15:24Z","timestamp":1777630524228,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bijzonder onderzoeksfonds (BOF) from Hasselt University","award":["19KP09BOF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19KP09BOF"]}]},{"name":"Bijzonder onderzoeksfonds (BOF) from Hasselt University","award":["G095221FWO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G095221FWO"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"The Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO, Brussels, Belgium)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19KP09BOF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19KP09BOF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"The Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO, Brussels, Belgium)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G095221FWO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G095221FWO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endurance exercise training is a promising cardioprotective strategy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the impact of its intensity is not clear. We aimed to investigate whether and how isocaloric moderate-intensity exercise training (MIT) and high-intensity interval exercise training (HIIT) could prevent the adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction that develop T2DM in rats. Male rats received a Western diet (WD) to induce T2DM and underwent a sedentary lifestyle (n = 7), MIT (n = 7) or HIIT (n = 8). Insulin resistance was defined as the HOMA-IR value. Cardiac function was assessed with left ventricular (LV) echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics. A qPCR and histology of LV tissue unraveled underlying mechanisms. We found that MIT and HIIT halted T2DM development compared to in sedentary WD rats (p &lt; 0.05). Both interventions prevented increases in LV end-systolic pressure, wall thickness and interstitial collagen content (p &lt; 0.05). In LV tissue, HIIT tended to upregulate the gene expression of an ROS-generating enzyme (NOX4), while both modalities increased proinflammatory macrophage markers and cytokines (CD86, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2; p &lt; 0.05). HIIT promoted antioxidant and dicarbonyl defense systems (SOD2, glyoxalase 1; p &lt; 0.05) whereas MIT elevated anti-inflammatory macrophage marker expression (CD206, CD163; p &lt; 0.01). We conclude that both MIT and HIIT limit WD-induced T2DM with diastolic dysfunction and pathological LV hypertrophy, possibly using different adaptive mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1706694994000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Moderate-Intensity and High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training Offer Equal Cardioprotection, with Different Mechanisms, during the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3059-1158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"D\u2019Haese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"de Laat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Van Campenhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorien","family":"Deluyker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8878-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Heeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7940-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibren","family":"Haesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7520-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Lambrichts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7127-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristiaan","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casper G.","family":"Schalkwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BO","family":"Eijnde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMRc-Sports Medicine Research Center, BIOMED-Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3500 Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Division of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0986-7906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Bito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UHasselt, Cardio & Organ Systems (COST), Biomedical Research Institute, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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