{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:45:53Z","timestamp":1788363953763,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"#NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"#NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU)","award":["DN.1553 11.10.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN.1553 11.10.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extra-uterine growth restriction (EUGR) is a common complication and a known risk factor for impaired development in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates. We report a population of 288 patients with no or with low-grade MRI lesions scanned at a term equivalent age (TEA) born between 2012 and 2018. Griffiths Mental Development Scale II (GMDS II) at 2 and 3 years, preterm complications and weight growth were retrospectively analyzed. EUGR was defined for weight z-score \u02c2 10 percentile at TEA, 6 and 12 months of correct age or as z-score decreased by 1-point standard deviation (SDS) from birth to TEA and from TEA to 6 months. Multivariate analysis showed that a higher weight z-score at 6 months is protective for the global developmental quotient (DQ) at 2 years (OR 0.74; CI 95% 0.59\u20130.93; p = 0.01). EUGR at 6 months was associated with worse locomotor, personal\/social, language and performance DQ at 2 years and worse language and practical reasoning DQ at 3 years. In conclusion, a worse weight z-score at 6 months of age seems to be an independent risk factor for significantly reduced GMDS in many areas. These results suggest that we should invest more into post-discharge nutrition, optimizing family nutritional education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T09:31:58Z","timestamp":1707125518000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early Extra-Uterine Growth Restriction in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonates with Normal or Mildly Abnormal Brain MRI: Effects on a 2\u20133-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Massirio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Battaglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"De Crescenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Calevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariya","family":"Malova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Caruggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1956-0482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Preiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Zoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Psychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Uccella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5621-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Tortora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariasavina","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Traggiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, International Evangelical Hospital, 16122 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9317-5405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lino","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Striano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Muscle Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca Antonio","family":"Ramenghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Neonatal Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2012). Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1971.02100170068007","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal mortality in white middle class infants: Mortality risks by gestational age and weight","volume":"21","author":"Behrman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.03.010","article-title":"Outcomes in preterm infants","volume":"128","author":"Platt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02047.x","article-title":"Prevalence, type, distribution and severity of cerebral palsy in relation to gestational age: A meta-analytical review","volume":"50","author":"Himpens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31822a396a","article-title":"Development coordination disorder in school-aged children born very preterm and\/or low birth weight: A systemic review","volume":"32","author":"Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.986","article-title":"Extrauterine growth restriction remains a serious problem in prematurely born neonates","volume":"111","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000489388","article-title":"How Should We Define Postnatal Growth Restriction in Preterm Infants?","volume":"114","author":"Zozaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roggero, P., Giann\u00ec, M.L., Orsi, A., Amato, O., Piemontese, P., Liotto, N., Morlacchi, L., Taroni, F., Garavaglia, E., and Bracco, B. (2012). Implementation of nutritional strategies decreasespostnatalgrowthrestriction in preterminfants. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051166"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"135","article-title":"Extra-uterine growthrestriction in preterminfants: Neurodevelopmentaloutcomesaccording to differentdefinitions","volume":"33","author":"Cota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03613-8","article-title":"Comorbidities in childhood associated with extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants: A scoping review","volume":"179","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1368","article-title":"Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"117","author":"Ehrenkranz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.027","article-title":"\u00c9tude \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique sur les Petits \u00c2gesGestationnels (EPIPAGE; [Epidemiological Study on Small Gestational Ages]) Study Group. Effect of Intra- and Extrauterine Growth on Long-Term Neurologic Outcomes of Very Preterm Infants","volume":"175","author":"Guellec","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.796162","article-title":"Low-grade intraventricular hemorrhage: Is ultrasound good enough?","volume":"28","author":"Parodi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F289","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307176","article-title":"Accuracy of ultrasound in assessing cerebellar haemorrhages in very low birthweight babies","volume":"100","author":"Parodi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.09.001","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes and nutritional strategies in very low birth weight infants","volume":"22","author":"Belfort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.04210050022004","article-title":"Periventricular leukomalacia of infancy. A form of neonatal anoxic encephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Bancker","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00144.x","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging in elucidating the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Horber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051879","article-title":"Neonatal white matter abnormalities an important predictor of neurocognitive outcome for very preterm children","volume":"7","author":"Woodward","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Volpe, J.J., Inder, T.E., and Darras, B.T. (2018). Neurology of the Newborn, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0780-2","article-title":"Cranial ultrasound findings in preterm germinal matrix haemorrhage, sequelae and outcome","volume":"87","author":"Parodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.5.PEDS20928","article-title":"External ventricular drainage for posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in preterm infants: Insights on efficacy and failure","volume":"28","author":"Parodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01053-1","article-title":"The CHOPIn Study: A Multicenter Study on Cerebellar Hemorrhage and Outcome in Preterm Infants","volume":"18","author":"Boswinkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uccella, S., Parodi, A., Calevo, M.G., Nobili, L., Tortora, D., Severino, M., Andreato, C., Group Eu-Brain Neonatal Rossi, A., and Ramenghi, L.A. (2023). Influence of isolated low-grade intracranial haemorrhages on the neurodevelopmental outcome of infants born very low birthweight. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15559"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02232-3","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental consequences of preterm punctate white matter lesions: A systematic review","volume":"93","author":"Tataranno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"86","author":"Kurinczuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0377","article-title":"rial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms Investigators. Using a count of neonatal morbidities to predict poor outcome in extremely low birth weight infants: Added role of neonatal infection","volume":"123","author":"Bassler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2006.00910.x","article-title":"Does necrotising enterocolitis impact the neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in preterm infants with birthweight < or = 1250 g?","volume":"42","author":"Soraisham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2018.08.005","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes following necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"23","author":"Hickey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020735","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020735","article-title":"Association between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cerebral palsy in children: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Gou","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2018.09.013","article-title":"An update on pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"42","author":"Cheong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F285","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314264","article-title":"Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low gestational age neonates: Current evidence","volume":"103","author":"Poets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F227","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313161","article-title":"Early surgery and neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born extremely preterm","volume":"103","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00899","article-title":"Early Pain Exposure Influences Functional Brain Connectivity in Very Preterm Neonates","volume":"13","author":"Tortora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816677806","article-title":"Feed and Wrap MRI Technique in Infants","volume":"56","author":"Antonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00384-6","article-title":"INTERGROWTH-21st very preterm size at birth reference charts","volume":"387","author":"Villar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e681","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00163-1","article-title":"Postnatal growth standards for preterm infants: The Preterm Postnatal Follow-up Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"3","author":"Villar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"LMS (2023, December 30). Parameters for Girls: Infant Weight for Age. National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES), CDC\/National Center for Health Statistics; LMS Parameters for Boys: Infant Weight for Age. National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES), CDC\/National Center for Health Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/growthcharts\/percentile_data_files.htm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20162045","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2045","article-title":"Preterm infant growth velocity calculations: A systematic review","volume":"139","author":"Fenton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Battaglia, F.M., and Savoini, M. (2007). GMDS-R Griffiths Mental Development Scales- Revised 0\u20132 Years, Manuale. Giunti O.S."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2017.00020","article-title":"Optimizing Nutrition in Preterm Low Birth Weight Infants\u2014Consensus Summary","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2019.0290","article-title":"A Quality Improvement Initiative to Increase Mother\u2019s Own Milk Use in a Chinese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerasani, J., Ceroni, F., De Cosmi, V., Mazzocchi, A., Morniroli, D., Roggero, P., Mosca, F., Agostoni, C., and Giann\u00ec, M.L. (2020). Human Milk Feeding and Preterm Infants\u2019 Growth and Body Composition: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041155"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, Aggett, P.J., Agostoni, C., Axelsson, I., De Curtis, M., Goulet, O., Hernell, O., Koletzko, B., Lafeber, H.N., and Michaelsen, K.F. (2006). Feeding preterm infants after hospital discharge: A commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 42, 596\u2013603.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000221915.73264.c7"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91329-7","article-title":"Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in","volume":"339","author":"Lucas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e953","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3227","article-title":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Research Network. Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age","volume":"120","author":"Vohr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"CD004866","article-title":"Multinutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants","volume":"2","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"CD004696","article-title":"Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge","volume":"12","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandenplas, Y., Ksia\u017cyk, J., Luna, M.S., Migacheva, N., Picaud, J.C., Ramenghi, L.A., Singhal, A., and Wabitsch, M. (2022). Partial Hydrolyzed Protein as a Protein Source for Infant Feeding: Do or Don\u2019t?. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091720"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Complementary Feeding: Report of the Global Consultation, and Summary of Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Castenmiller, J., de Henauw, S., Hirsch-Ernst, K.I., Kearney, J., Knutsen, H.K., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H.J., and Naska, A. (2019). Appropriate age range for introduction of complementary feeding into an infant\u2019s diet. EFSA J., 17, e05780.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5780"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassarre, M.E., Di Mauro, A., Pedico, A., Rizzo, V., Capozza, M., Meneghin, F., Lista, G., Laforgia, N., and On behalf of Italian Society of Pediatrics (SIP), Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN), Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (SIGENP) and Italian Federation of Paediatricians (FIMP) (2018). Weaning Time in Preterm Infants: An Audit of Italian Primary Care Paediatricians. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050616"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001454","article-title":"Complementary feeding: A position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition (ESPGHAN) committee on nutrition","volume":"64","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DHSS (Department of Health and Social Security) (1988). Present day practice in infant feeding. Lancet, 331, 975\u2013976.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91786-2"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Department of Health (1994). Weaning and the weaning diet. Rep. Health Soc. Subj., 45, 1\u2013113."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000335336","article-title":"Introducing solid foods to preterm infants in developed countries","volume":"60","author":"Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e501","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30074-8","article-title":"Investigators of the CF trial. Complementary feeding at 4 versus 6 months of age for preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks of gestation: A randomised, open-label, multicentre trial","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F302","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.4.F302","article-title":"Weaning preterm infants: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Marriott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haiden, N., Thanhaeuser, M., Eibensteiner, F., Huber-Dangl, M., Gsoellpointner, M., Ristl, R., Kroyer, B., Brandstetter, S., Kornsteiner-Krenn, M., and Binder, C. (2022). Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Timepoints for Introduction of Standardized Complementary Food in Preterm Infants. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030697"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.54","article-title":"Length and weight of very low birth weight infants in Germany at 2 years of age: Does it matter at what age they start complementary food?","volume":"69","author":"Spiegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.036137","article-title":"Does weaning influence growth and health up to 18 months?","volume":"89","author":"Morgan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.08.064","article-title":"The impact of timing of introduction of solids on infant body mass index","volume":"179","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.06.029","article-title":"Very early introduction of semisolid foods in preterm infants does not increase food allergies or atopic dermatitis","volume":"121","author":"Koski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01275-w","article-title":"Mosca F and Italian Society of Paediatrics (SIP), Italian Society of Neonatology. Complementary feeding in preterm infants: A position paper by Italian neonatal, paediatric and paediatric gastroenterology joint societies","volume":"48","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvatori, G., Martini, L., and On behalf of The Study Group On Neonatal Nutrition And Gastroenterology-Italian Society of Neonatology (2020). Complementary Feeding in the Preterm Infants: Summary of Available Macronutrient Intakes and Requirements. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123696"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"CD012241","article-title":"Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in later infancy in term-born infants","volume":"7","author":"Ojha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"CD012240","article-title":"Education of family members to support weaning to solids and nutrition in infants born preterm","volume":"2","author":"Elfzzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.05.001","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Early Childhood","volume":"45","author":"Duncan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202919666171229144807","article-title":"Preterm Birth and the Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders\u2014Is There a Role for Epigenetic Dysregulation?","volume":"19","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396319666230208092416","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 3 Years of Age in Very Low Birth Weight Infants According to Brain Development and Lesions","volume":"20","author":"Malova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/3\/449\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:54:23Z","timestamp":1760104463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/3\/449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16030449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16030449","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]}}}