{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:50:32Z","timestamp":1785167432054,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key parameter widely used in the assessment of bone health. Although many investigations have explored the relationship between trace elements and BMD, there are fewer studies focused on serum copper and BMD, especially for adolescents. Using data extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we applied a multiple-linear regression and smooth curve fitting to assess the relationship between serum copper and BMD. A total of 910 participants were finally included in this study. After adjusting for relevant covariates, serum copper was negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD (\u03b2 = \u22120.057, 95% CI: \u22120.109 to \u22120.005), trunk bone BMD (\u03b2 = \u22120.068, 95% CI: \u22120.110 to \u22120.026), pelvis BMD (\u03b2 = \u22120.085, 95% CI: \u22120.145 to \u22120.024), subtotal BMD (\u03b2 = \u22120.072, 95% CI: \u22120.111 to \u22120.033), and total BMD (\u03b2 = \u22120.051, 95% CI: \u22120.087 to \u22120.016) (p &lt; 0.05). In quartile analysis, the highest level of serum copper was associated with decreased BMD when compared with those at the lowest quartile (p &lt; 0.05). The stratified analysis revealed a significant interaction between age and the effects of serum copper on trunk bone BMD (p = 0.022) and pelvis BMD (p = 0.018). Meanwhile, the higher level of serum copper was negatively associated with BMD in males, and gender modified the relationship (p &lt; 0.001). Future longitudinal studies will be necessary for a more definitive interpretation of our results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T09:31:58Z","timestamp":1707125518000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Association between Serum Copper and Bone Mineral Density among Adolescents Aged 12 to 19 in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0843-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haobiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoye","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feidan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4465-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Industrial Hygiene of Ordance Industry, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 712000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115665","article-title":"Effects of prenatal single and mixed bisphenol exposure on bone mineral density in preschool children: A population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"267","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. 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