{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:26:32Z","timestamp":1790717192461,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: International guidelines recommend dietary interventions as one of the most important treatments for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Evidence to confirm the efficacy of these treatment modalities is lacking. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of dietary interventions on GERD-related outcomes evaluated in intervention studies on GERD patients. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA. The PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases were utilized for the literature search. Two independent researchers searched for relevant publications published up until June 2023. Intervention studies evaluating the efficacy of dietary interventions in patients with GERD were included. Results: A total of 577 articles were identified during the initial literature search. After reviewing, 21 studies with 16 different types of dietary interventions were included in the analysis. The interventions were divided into low-carbohydrate diets (3 studies), high-fat diets (2 studies), speed of eating studies (3 studies), low-FODMAP diets (2 studies), and other interventions (12 studies). A meta-analysis could be performed for low-carbohydrate diets and speed of eating interventions. Low-carbohydrate diets resulted in a significant reduction in esophageal acid exposure time (mean difference = \u22122.834%, 95% confidence interval (CI): \u22124.554 to \u22121.114), while a slow speed of eating did not lead to a lower percentage of reflux events compared to fast eating (risk ratio = 1.044, 95% CI: 0.543\u20132.004). Most other interventions showed positive effects in only a single study. Conclusion: Low-carbohydrate diets showed a significant improvement in GERD-related outcomes, while a slow eating speed did not result in a reduction in reflux events. The overall evidence regarding dietary interventions in GERD remains scarce. High-quality, long-term RCTs are still required to confirm the effects of dietary interventions in GERD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T03:22:31Z","timestamp":1707189751000},"page":"464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Efficacy of Dietary Interventions in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3166-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narisorn","family":"Lakananurak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3530-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panyavee","family":"Pitisuttithum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paweena","family":"Susantitaphong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Metabolic Bone Disease in CKD Patients, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1324-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanisa","family":"Patcharatrakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sutep","family":"Gonlachanvit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.045","article-title":"Presentation and Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease","volume":"154","author":"Richter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313589","article-title":"Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: A meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Eusebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304269","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Sweet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001538","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease","volume":"117","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. 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