{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:55:22Z","timestamp":1783691722538,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study comprehensively examined the associations between shokuiku (food and nutrition education) during school years, current well-balanced diets, and current eating and lifestyle behaviours of Japanese female university students. A hypothetical model was developed using factors potentially associated with well-balanced diets. A simultaneous multipopulational analysis was performed according to the living arrangements of 148 female Japanese students (48.6% living alone) from a registered dietitian course. The analysis showed acceptable goodness of fit and a significant positive path from shokuiku during school years (living alone: standardised estimate 0.29, p = 0.004; with family: 0.32, p = 0.006) and a negative path from eating out frequency (\u22120.19, p = 0.039; \u22120.24, p = 0.017) towards a well-balanced diet. A significant negative path was identified from late bedtimes (\u22120.45, p &lt; 0.001) and home meal replacement use frequency (\u22120.24, p = 0.010) in those living alone and from late-night snacking frequency (\u22120.27, p = 0.007) in those living with family. Well-balanced diets in female university students may be positively associated with shokuiku during school years and limited by a late bedtime, eating out, and home meal replacement use in those living alone, and by late-night snacking and eating out in those living with family.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T11:03:14Z","timestamp":1707303794000},"page":"484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between Shokuiku during School Years, Well-Balanced Diets, and Eating and Lifestyle Behaviours in Japanese Females Enrolled in a University Registered Dietitian Course"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etsuko","family":"Kibayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Sonoda Women\u2019s University, Amagasaki 661-8520, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Nakade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Hyogo, Himeji 670-0092, Hyogo, Japan"},{"name":"Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, Himeji 670-0092, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2023, December 25). Food-Based Dietary Guidelines. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/nutrition\/education\/food-dietary-guidelines\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture (2024, February 07). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-01\/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf?utm_source=blog&utm_campaign=rc_blogpost."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2023, December 25). Food-Based Dietary Guidelines\u2014United States of America. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/nutrition\/education\/food-dietary-guidelines\/regions\/united-states-of-america\/previous-versions-2010\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, and US Department of Agriculture: 2015\u20132020 (2024, February 07). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-09\/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwingshackl, L., Bogensberger, B., and Hoffmann, G. (2018). Diet Quality as Assessed by the Healthy Eating Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Score, and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.08.024"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2023, December 25). Food-Based Dietary Guidelines\u2014Japan. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/nutrition\/education\/food-dietary-guidelines\/regions\/countries\/japan\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.06.367","article-title":"Diet Based on the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top and Subsequent Mortality Among Men and Women in a General Japanese Population","volume":"109","author":"Oba","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1209","article-title":"Quality of Diet and Mortality Among Japanese Men and Women: Japan Public Health Center Based Prospective Study","volume":"352","author":"Kurotani","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2007.apr.149-154","article-title":"A New Food Guide in Japan: The Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top","volume":"65","author":"Yoshiike","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2023, December 25). The Fourth Basic Program for Shokuiku Promotion (Provisional Translation), Available online: https:\/\/www.maff.go.jp\/j\/syokuiku\/attach\/pdf\/kannrennhou-30.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Japan Ministry of Health (2023, December 25). Labour and Welfare. The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4327\/jsnfs.74.265","article-title":"The Relationship Between Eating Behavior and a Japanese Well-Balanced Diet Among Young Adults Aged 20\u201339 Years","volume":"74","author":"Nakade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, December 25). Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"NPD Japan Ltd. (2023, December 25). Domestic Restaurants and Ready-to-Eat Outlets Survey Report. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overcash, F., and Reicks, M. (2021). Diet Quality and Eating Practices Among Hispanic\/Latino Men and Women: NHANES 2011\u20132016. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031302"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2016.10.4.448","article-title":"Nutritional Aspects of Night Eating and Its Association with Weight Status Among Korean Adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Hernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsab269","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab269","article-title":"Losing Sleep by Staying up Late Leads Adolescents to Consume More Carbohydrates and a Higher Glycemic Load","volume":"45","author":"Duraccio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv024","article-title":"Relationship Between Living Alone and Food and Nutrient Intake","volume":"73","author":"Hanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2024, January 26). Attitude Survey about Shokuiku, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"223","article-title":"A survey on changes over time in eating habits and food attitudes among university students: 3 years longitudinal survey","volume":"15","author":"Honda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Shokuiku"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Toyoda, H. (2007). Covariance Structure Analysis (Amos Edition)\u2014Structural Equation Modeling, Tokyo Tosho Co., Ltd.. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","article-title":"Power Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling","volume":"1","author":"MacCallum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.80.21","article-title":"Association of Self-Esteem with Dietary and Lifestyle Habit Self-Efficacy, Stage of Eating Behavior Change, and Dietary Intake in High School Students","volume":"80","author":"Kibayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eiyougakuzashi."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Jinma, M. (2005). Health Program Planning: An Educational and Ecological Approach, Igaku-Shoin, Ltd.. [4th ed.]. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2021.12.001","article-title":"Eating Behaviors and Diet Quality: A National Survey of Australian Young Adults","volume":"54","author":"Baldwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001000385X","article-title":"Reduced Food Access Due to a Lack of Money, Inability to Lift and Lack of Access to a Car for Food Shopping: A Multilevel Study in Melbourne, Victoria","volume":"14","author":"Burns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Carlson, A., and Frazao, E. (2023, December 25). Are Healthy Foods Really More Expensive? It Depends on How You Measure the Price, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, EIB-96, Available online: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/webdocs\/publications\/44678\/19980_eib96.pdf?v=7067.9."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.039","article-title":"A Marker for the End of Adolescence","volume":"14","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2010.535225","article-title":"Age and Gender Differences in Morningness-Eveningness During Adolescence","volume":"172","author":"Randler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.6.753","article-title":"Dietary Patterns Only Partially Explain the Effect of Short Sleep Duration on the Incidence of Obesity","volume":"33","author":"Nishiura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/4\/484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:56:42Z","timestamp":1760104602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/4\/484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16040484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16040484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]}}}