{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:58:27Z","timestamp":1778738307895,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Knowledge Exchange funding from Gencor Pacific Ltd.","award":["UT724540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UT724540"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid-like lipid mediator which is naturally produced in the body and found in certain foods. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a bioavailable formulated form of PEA (Levagen+\u00ae) on serum BDNF levels and parameters of cognitive function in healthy adults. Methods: A randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial was implemented to measure the effects of a 6-week 700 mg\/day course of formulated PEA supplementation versus a placebo. Participants (n = 39) completed pre- and post-assessments of a lab-based cognitive test. Serum samples were collected to measure BDNF concentrations using an immunoassay. Results: A significant increase in serum BDNF levels was found following PEA supplementation compared with the placebo (p = 0. 0057, d = 0.62). The cognition test battery demonstrated improved memory with PEA supplementation through better first success (p = 0.142, d = 0.54) and fewer errors (p = 0.0287; d = \u22120.47) on the Paired Associates Learning test. Conclusion: This was the first study to report a direct beneficial effect of Levagen+\u00ae PEA supplementation on memory improvement as well as corresponding increases in circulating neurotrophic marker levels. This suggests that formulated PEA holds promise as an innovative and practical intervention for cognitive health enhancement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1707363377000},"page":"489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Formulated Palmitoylethanolamide Supplementation Improves Parameters of Cognitive Function and BDNF Levels in Young, Healthy Adults: A Randomised Cross-Over Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutraceuticals, University of Westminster, London W1W6 UW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Parolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutraceuticals, University of Westminster, London W1W6 UW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek","family":"Renshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7797-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjoy K.","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutraceuticals, University of Westminster, London W1W6 UW, UK"},{"name":"Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Gulrez","family":"Zariwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutraceuticals, University of Westminster, London W1W6 UW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.3\/pharvey","article-title":"Domains of Cognition and Their Assessment","volume":"21","author":"Harvey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, T., Saroka, K.S., Hossack, V.L., and Dotta, B.T. (2023). The Effects of Exam-Induced Stress on EEG Profiles and Memory Scores. Behav. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13050373"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, J.J., Blair, M.R., and Henrey, A.J. (2014). Over the Hill at 24: Persistent Age-Related Cognitive-Motor Decline in Reaction Times in an Ecologically Valid Video Game Task Begins in Early Adulthood. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094215"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023","article-title":"When Does Age-Related Cognitive Decline Begin?","volume":"30","author":"Salthouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif, S., Guirguis, A., Fergus, S., and Schifano, F. (2021). The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers among University Students: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030355"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112110","article-title":"The Role of Nutrition and the Mediterranean Diet on the Trajectories of Cognitive Decline","volume":"173","author":"Maggi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023907","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1023907","article-title":"Nutrition and Cognitive Health: A Life Course Approach","volume":"11","author":"Puri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.06.013","article-title":"Feeding the Brain\u2014The Effects of Micronutrient Interventions on Cognitive Performance among School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"36","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrego-Guandique, D.M., Bonet, M.L., Caroleo, M.C., Cannataro, R., Tucci, P., Ribot, J., and Cione, E. (2023). The Effect of Beta-Carotene on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101468"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00115","article-title":"Improvement in Cognition Following Double-Blind Randomized Micronutrient Interventions in the General Population","volume":"13","author":"Denniss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21312","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Growth by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor","volume":"73","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: The Devil Is in the Details","volume":"139","author":"DiSabato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1151-3","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Attenuates the Inflammatory Response by Modulating Microglia Polarization through SIRT1-Mediated Deacetylation of the HMGB1\/NF-\u039aB Pathway Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winiarska-Mieczan, A., Kwiecie\u0144, M., Jachimowicz-Rogowska, K., Donaldson, J., Tomaszewska, E., and Baranowska-W\u00f3jcik, E. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols-Polyphenols as an Element of Diet Therapy in Depressive Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032258"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472800","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain","volume":"13","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, P.H.L., and Tran, T.T.D. (2021). Blueberry Supplementation in Neuronal Health and Protective Technologies for Efficient Delivery of Blueberry Anthocyanins. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010102"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2019.05.001","article-title":"Short-Term Curcumin Supplementation Enhances Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Adult Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"69","author":"Sarraf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorinczova, H.T., Fitzsimons, O., Mursaleen, L., Renshaw, D., Begum, G., and Zariwala, M.G. (2020). Co-Administration of Iron and a Bioavailable Curcumin Supplement Increases Serum BDNF Levels in Healthy Adults. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080645"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rankin, L., and Fowler, C.J. (2020). The Basal Pharmacology of Palmitoylethanolamide. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217942"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13580","article-title":"The Pharmacology of Palmitoylethanolamide and First Data on the Therapeutic Efficacy of Some of Its New Formulations","volume":"174","author":"Petrosino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clayton, P., Hill, M., Bogoda, N., Subah, S., and Venkatesh, R. (2021). Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Compound for Health Management. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105305"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"51","article-title":"Incorporation of Labelled N-Acylethanolamine (NAE) into Rat Brain Regions in Vivo and Adaptive Properties of Saturated NAE under X-ray Irradiation","volume":"77","author":"Artamonov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ukr. Biokhim. Zh."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.006353","article-title":"The Nuclear Receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b1 Mediates the Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Palmitoylethanolamide","volume":"67","author":"Fu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Professor Rita Levi-Montalcini on Nerve Growth Factor, Mast Cells and Palmitoylethanolamide, an Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Compound","volume":"2","author":"Hesselink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain Relief"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.324","article-title":"\u2018Entourage\u2019 Effects of N-Palmitoylethanolamide and N-Oleoylethanolamide on Vasorelaxation to Anandamide Occur through TRPV1 Receptors","volume":"155","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.162","article-title":"Integrating Endocannabinoid Signaling and Cannabinoids into the Biology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"43","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114588","article-title":"Cannabidiol Modulates Chronic Neuropathic Pain Aversion Behavior by Attenuation of Neuroinflammation Markers and Neuronal Activity in the Corticolimbic Circuit in Male Wistar Rats","volume":"452","author":"Primini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001691","article-title":"Interactive Effects of Ayahuasca and Cannabidiol in Social Cognition in Healthy Volunteers: A Pilot, Proof-of-Concept, Feasibility, Randomized-Controlled Trial","volume":"43","author":"Rossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Moncada, I., Rodrigues, R.S., Fundazuri, U.B., Bellocchio, L., and Marsicano, G. (2023). Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Ever-Expanding Roles in Brain Energy Processes. J. Neurochem.","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15922"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang-Illievich, K., Klivinyi, C., Lasser, C., Brenna, C.T.A., Szilagyi, I.S., and Bornemann-Cimenti, H. (2023). Palmitoylethanolamide in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061350"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrosino, S., and Moriello, A.S. (2020). Palmitoylethanolamide: A Nutritional Approach to Keep Neuroinflammation within Physiological Boundaries\u2014A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249526"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1070","article-title":"N-Palmitoyl Ethanol Amide Pharmacological Treatment in Patients With Nonsurgical Lumbar Radiculopathy","volume":"58","author":"Chirchiglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2021.2005733","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide: A Potential Alternative to Cannabidiol","volume":"20","author":"Clayton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019aloia, A., Molteni, L., Gullo, F., Bresciani, E., Artusa, V., Rizzi, L., Ceriani, M., Meanti, R., Lecchi, M., and Coco, S. (2021). Palmitoylethanolamide Modulation of Microglia Activation: Characterization of Mechanisms of Action and Implication for Its Neuroprotective Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063054"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"325061","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Expressive Language, Cognition, and Behaviors in Autism: A Report of Two Cases","volume":"2015","author":"Antonucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-015-0440-8","article-title":"Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide\/Luteolin in the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia: From Rodent to Man","volume":"7","author":"Caltagirone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu081","article-title":"Exchangeability in the Case-Crossover Design","volume":"43","author":"Mittleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.190619","article-title":"Methodology for Research I","volume":"60","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774548","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.774548","article-title":"Cognition and Academic Performance: Mediating Role of Personality Characteristics and Psychology Health","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886344","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.886344","article-title":"Academic Stress and Mental Well-Being in College Students: Correlations, Affected Groups, and COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Barbayannis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e22711","article-title":"Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers","volume":"14","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2018.09.011","article-title":"Recruiting Mothers of Children With Developmental Disabilities: Adaptations of the Snowball Sampling Technique Using Social Media","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increased Absorption of Palmitoylethanolamide Using a Novel Dispersion Technology System (LipiSperse)","volume":"5","author":"Briskey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutraceuticals Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01033-8","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide for Treating Diabetic-Related Peripheral Neuropathic Pain","volume":"30","author":"Pickering","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scuteri, D., Guida, F., Boccella, S., Palazzo, E., Maione, S., Rodr\u00edguez-Landa, J.F., Mart\u00ednez-Mota, L., Tonin, P., Bagetta, G., and Corasaniti, M.T. (2022). Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on Nociceptive, Musculoskeletal and Neuropathic Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Evidence. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081672"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.057","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide as Adjunctive Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: A Double-Blind, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"232","author":"Ghajar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polyakova, M., Schl\u00f6gl, H., Sacher, J., Schmidt-Kassow, M., Kaiser, J., Stumvoll, M., Kratzsch, J., and Schroeter, M.L. (2017). Stability of BDNF in Human Samples Stored Up to 6 Months and Correlations of Serum and EDTA-Plasma Concentrations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061189"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17989","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17989","article-title":"A Method for Reproducible Measurements of Serum BDNF: Comparison of the Performance of Six Commercial Assays","volume":"5","author":"Polacchini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115581474","article-title":"Does the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) Distinguish Between Cognitive Domains in Healthy Older Adults?","volume":"23","author":"Lenehan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"399","article-title":"Computerized Assessment in Neuropsychiatry Using CANTAB: Discussion Paper","volume":"85","author":"Sahakian","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.18.189","article-title":"Effect of Nutrients, Dietary Supplements and Vitamins on Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"18","author":"Forbes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Geriatr. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05665-y","article-title":"A Specific Dietary Fibre Supplementation Improves Cognitive Performance\u2014An Exploratory Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study","volume":"238","author":"Berding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_478_20","article-title":"The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Circulating Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Agh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, J.L., Yanes, J.A., Reid, M.A., Murphy, J.E., Busler, J.N., Mumford, P.W., Young, K.C., Pietrzkowski, Z.J., Nemzer, B.V., and Hunter, J.M. (2021). Neurophysiological Effects of Whole Coffee Cherry Extract in Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Pilot Study. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020144"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038122","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1038122","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Palmitoylethanolamide in Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Preliminary Meta-Analysis of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence","volume":"13","author":"Colizzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527313666140806124322","article-title":"Neuroprotection by Association of Palmitoylethanolamide with Luteolin in Experimental Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Models: The Control of Neuroinflammation","volume":"13","author":"Paterniti","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2022.2110664","article-title":"Probiotics Supplementation and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"26","author":"Dehghani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammar, A., Trabelsi, K., Boukhris, O., Bouaziz, B., M\u00fcller, P., Glenn, J.M., Chamari, K., M\u00fcller, N., Chtourou, H., and Driss, T. (2020). Moderators of the Impact of (Poly)Phenols Interventions on Psychomotor Functions and BDNF: Insights from Subgroup Analysis and Meta-Regression. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092872"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.J., Jaiswal, V., and Lee, H.J. (2022). Dietary Intake of Flavonoids and Carotenoids Is Associated with Anti-Depressive Symptoms: Epidemiological Study and In Silico\u2014Mechanism Analysis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010053"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1865758","article-title":"Effects of Nutritional Interventions on BDNF Concentrations in Humans: A Systematic Review","volume":"25","author":"Gravesteijn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112650","article-title":"Effects of Macular Xanthophyll Supplementation on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, and Cognitive Performance","volume":"211","author":"Stringham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.26502\/jppd.2572-519X0025","article-title":"The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders","volume":"1","author":"Anneken","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109254","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3109254","article-title":"Medicinal Effect of Nutraceutical Fruits for the Cognition and Brain Health","volume":"2016","author":"Keservani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Fang, Y., Xu, Y., Lian, Y., Xie, N., Wu, T., Zhang, H., Sun, L., Zhang, R., and Wang, Z. (2015). Curcumin Improves Amyloid \u03b2-Peptide (1\u201342) Induced Spatial Memory Deficits through BDNF-ERK Signaling Pathway. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131525"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"337","article-title":"The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cognitive Functioning in Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"273","article-title":"Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Flaxseed Oil Supplement on Learning, Memory and Immobility: Relationship with BDNF and TrkB Genes","volume":"17","author":"Azarbayjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73576-1","article-title":"Lower Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels Are Associated with Age-Related Memory Impairment in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Sefuri Study","volume":"10","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2016.10.001","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment and BDNF Serum Levels","volume":"51","author":"Siuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.01.013","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cognition in Age-Related Cognitive Decline","volume":"6","author":"McCarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/4\/489\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:57:04Z","timestamp":1760104624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/4\/489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16040489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16040489","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}}}