{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:09:13Z","timestamp":1782166153646,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-20-0202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-20-0202"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","award":["VEGA 2\/0158\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 2\/0158\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have previously identified that low responsiveness to antidepressive therapy is associated with higher aldosterone\/cortisol ratio, lower systolic blood pressure, and higher salt preference. Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) contains glycyrrhizin, an inhibitor of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type-2 and antagonist of toll-like receptor 4. The primary hypothesis of this study is that food enrichment with GG extract results in decreased anxiety behavior and reduced salt preference under stress and non-stress conditions. The secondary hypothesis is that the mentioned changes are associated with altered gene expression of barrier proteins in the prefrontal cortex. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to chronic mild stress for five weeks. Both stressed and unstressed rats were fed a diet with or without an extract of GG roots for the last two weeks. GG induced anxiolytic effects in animals independent of stress exposure, as measured in elevated plus maze test. Salt preference and intake were significantly reduced by GG under control, but not stress conditions. The gene expression of the barrier protein claudin-11 in the prefrontal cortex was increased in control rats exposed to GG, whereas stress-induced rise was prevented. Exposure to GG-enriched diet resulted in reduced ZO-1 expression irrespective of stress conditions. In conclusion, the observed effects of GG are in line with a reduction in the activity of central mineralocorticoid receptors. The treatment with GG extract or its active components may, therefore, be a useful adjunct therapy for patients with subtypes of depression and anxiety disorders with heightened renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system and\/or inflammatory activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1707884302000},"page":"515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Treatment with Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract Induces Anxiolytic Effects Associated with Reduced Salt Preference and Changes in Barrier Protein Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4827-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Murck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Karailiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Karailievova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnesa","family":"Puhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jezova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1159\/000505921","article-title":"Salivary aldosterone, cortisol and their morning to evening slopes in patients with depressive disorder and healthy subjects: Acute episode and follow up six months after reaching remission","volume":"110","author":"Izakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-931476","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, HPA-axis and sleep-EEG changes in unmedicated patients with depression after total sleep deprivation","volume":"39","author":"Murck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.046","article-title":"Increased plasma aldosterone in patients with clinical depression","volume":"36","author":"Emanuele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0789-7","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and steroid hormone secretion after stimulation of mineralocorticoid and NMDA receptors in depressed patients","volume":"10","author":"Nowacki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.012","article-title":"Target-based biomarker selection\u2014Mineralocorticoid receptor-related biomarkers and treatment outcome in major depression","volume":"66\u201367","author":"Buttner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2021.2020334","article-title":"Routinely accessible parameters of mineralocorticoid receptor function, depression subtypes and response prediction: A post-hoc analysis from the early medication change trial in major depressive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Engelmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.12.045","article-title":"Brain mineralocorticoid receptor function in control of salt balance and stress-adaptation","volume":"178","author":"Joels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1116-2407","article-title":"Salt Appetite and Its Effects on Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Aldosteronism","volume":"52","author":"Adolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjs075","article-title":"Effect of acute stress on taste perception: In relation with baseline anxiety level and body weight","volume":"38","author":"Pehlivanoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"56","article-title":"Consumption of table salt and psychological status in patients with arterial hypertension","volume":"90","author":"Volkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Klin. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31037","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031037","article-title":"Is there a relationship between 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium and mental health in migraine patients?: A cross-sectional study","volume":"101","author":"Arab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12664","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3459-06.2006","article-title":"Human taste thresholds are modulated by serotonin and noradrenaline","volume":"26","author":"Heath","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100717","article-title":"Brain ventricle and choroid plexus morphology as predictor of treatment response in major depression: Findings from the EMBARC study","volume":"35","author":"Murck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102926","article-title":"Choroid plexus enlargement is associated with neuroinflammation and reduction of blood brain barrier permeability in depression","volume":"33","author":"Althubaity","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15239","article-title":"Inflammation-driven brain and gut barrier dysfunction in stress and mood disorders","volume":"55","author":"Doney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577951","article-title":"The role of damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) and permeability of the blood-brain barrier in depression and neuroinflammation","volume":"371","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00335-3","article-title":"Stress-induced increase in blood-brain barrier permeability in control and monosodium glutamate-treated rats","volume":"45","author":"Skultetyova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-018-0203-4","article-title":"Tight junction structure, function, and assessment in the critically ill: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Vermette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12685","article-title":"Claudins in the brain: Unconventional functions in neurons","volume":"20","author":"Tikiyani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13741","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the brain: Not (yet) lost in translation","volume":"295","author":"Seckl","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-021-01484-3","article-title":"Exploration for the real causative agents of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism","volume":"75","author":"Makino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of glycyrrhizin on production of vascular aldosterone and corticosterone","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2007). Final report on the safety assessment of Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Potassium Glycyrrhetinate, Disodium Succinoyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glyceryl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhetinyl Stearate, Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ammonium Glycyrrhizate, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Disodium Glycyrrhizate, Trisodium Glycyrrhizate, Methyl Glycyrrhizate, and Potassium Glycyrrhizinate. Int. J. Toxicol., 26, 79\u2013112.","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810701351228"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6059.488","article-title":"Effect of eating liquorice on the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis in normal subjects","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605949","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.605949","article-title":"Adjunct Therapy with Glycyrrhiza Glabra Rapidly Improves Outcome in Depression\u2014A Pilot Study to Support 11-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Inhibition as a New Target","volume":"11","author":"Murck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.048","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid as an adjunctive treatment for depression through anti-inflammation: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"265","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20082416","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin, the main active compound in liquorice, attenuates pro-inflammatory responses by interfering with membrane-dependent receptor signalling","volume":"421","author":"Schrofelbauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.07.002","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin protects brain against ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice through HMGB1-TLR4-IL-17A signaling pathway","volume":"1582","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1207-5","article-title":"Involvement of Claudin-11 in Disruption of Blood-Brain, -Spinal Cord, and -Arachnoid Barriers in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Uchida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b21-00001","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomics-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Study","volume":"44","author":"Uchida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15578","article-title":"Activation of Annexin A2 signaling at the blood-brain barrier in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"160","author":"Tezuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01459D","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid promotes neural repair by directly driving functional remyelination","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01927-9","article-title":"Claudin-1, claudin-2 and claudin-11 are present in tight junctions of choroid plexus epithelium of the mouse","volume":"307","author":"Wolburg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-012-1001-9","article-title":"Complexity and developmental changes in the expression pattern of claudins at the blood-CSF barrier","volume":"138","author":"Kratzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jezova, D., Karailiev, P., Karailievova, L., Puhova, A., and Murck, H. (2021). Food Enrichment with Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract Suppresses ACE2 mRNA and Protein Expression in Rats-Possible Implications for COVID-19. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0525.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.117025","article-title":"Beneficial effect of aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on learning and memory using different behavioral models: An experimental study","volume":"4","author":"Chakravarthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2008.02.004","article-title":"Chronic treatment with the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone results in increased anxiety-like behavior","volume":"54","author":"Hlavacova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inui-Yamamoto, C., Yamamoto, T., Ueda, K., Nakatsuka, M., Kumabe, S., Inui, T., and Iwai, Y. (2017). Taste preference changes throughout different life stages in male rats. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181650"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90061-F","article-title":"Sex differences in salt preference and taste reactivity in rats","volume":"32","author":"Flynn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"327","article-title":"Behavioral despair in mice: A primary screening test for antidepressants","volume":"229","author":"Porsolt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000368","article-title":"Subchronic treatment with aldosterone induces depression-like behaviours and gene expression changes relevant to major depressive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Hlavacova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.038","article-title":"Gender-dependent behavioral and biochemical effects of adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adult maternally deprived rats","volume":"204","author":"Zamberletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14084","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14084","article-title":"Tight junction proteins in the small intestine and prefrontal cortex of female rats exposed to stress of chronic isolation starting early in life","volume":"33","author":"Karailiev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2022.105404","article-title":"Chronic treatment with enhancer drugs modifies the gene expression of selected parameters related to brain plasticity in rats under stress conditions","volume":"159","author":"Hrivikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1778-y","article-title":"Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in mice","volume":"224","author":"Gasparini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F559","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90399.2008","article-title":"Aldosterone in the brain","volume":"297","author":"Geerling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2012","article-title":"11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: Intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action","volume":"93","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"5","article-title":"Sadness and broken hearts: Neurohumoral mechanisms and co-morbidity of ischemic heart disease and psychological depression","volume":"57","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.02.011","article-title":"Neuroendocrine and cytokine profile of chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia","volume":"84","author":"Grippo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1997.0153","article-title":"The neuroendocrinology of thirst and salt appetite: Visceral sensory signals and mechanisms of central integration","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2007.039891","article-title":"Central regulation of sodium appetite","volume":"93","author":"Geerling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3115-05.2006","article-title":"Aldosterone target neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius drive sodium appetite","volume":"26","author":"Geerling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000368265","article-title":"Genetic, molecular and clinical determinants for the involvement of aldosterone and its receptors in major depression","volume":"128","author":"Murck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15691","article-title":"The solitary nucleus connectivity to key autonomic regions in humans","volume":"56","author":"Forstenpointner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.003","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: From intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15139","article-title":"Forced swim stressor: Trends in usage and mechanistic consideration","volume":"55","author":"Molendijk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028","article-title":"Immobility in the forced swim test is adaptive and does not reflect depression","volume":"62","author":"Molendijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111868","article-title":"Difference in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: A STAR*D report","volume":"165","author":"Fava","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.11.019","article-title":"Antidepressant-like activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in mouse models of immobility tests","volume":"30","author":"Dhingra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2470","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2470","article-title":"Inhibition of Connexin 36 attenuates HMGB1-mediated depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.02.005","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1-mediated microglial activation induces anxiodepressive-like behaviors in mice with neuropathic pain","volume":"92","author":"Tomimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.01.024","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates the kynurenine pathway in association with its antidepressant effect","volume":"353","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018910","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism prevents hedonic deficits induced by a chronic sodium appetite","volume":"124","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.5.1133","article-title":"Reduced hedonic behavior and altered cardiovascular function induced by mild sodium depletion in rats","volume":"120","author":"Grippo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.3.571","article-title":"The effects of deoxycorticosterone-induced sodium appetite on hedonic behaviors in the rat","volume":"120","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.03.025","article-title":"Low dietary sodium is anxiogenic in rats","volume":"103","author":"Leshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.08.032","article-title":"Total body Na+-depletion without hyponatraemia can trigger overtraining-like symptoms with sleeping disorders and increasing blood pressure: Explorative case and literature study","volume":"79","author":"Blank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.13395","article-title":"Effects of Lower Past-Year Serum Sodium and Hyponatremia on Depression Symptoms and Cognitive Impairments in Patients with Hemodialysis","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"CD004022","article-title":"Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride","volume":"12","author":"Graudal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, L.A., Menani, J.V., and Johnson, A.K. (2014). Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15544"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000220418.09021.ee","article-title":"Angiotensin II: Multitasking in the brain","volume":"24","author":"Saavedra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hypertens. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.10.001","article-title":"Blockade of brain angiotensin II AT1 receptors ameliorates stress, anxiety, brain inflammation and ischemia: Therapeutic implications","volume":"36","author":"Saavedra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.025","article-title":"Increased serum peripheral C-reactive protein is associated with reduced brain barriers permeability of TSPO radioligands in healthy volunteers and depressed patients: Implications for inflammation and depression","volume":"91","author":"Turkheimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05827.x","article-title":"Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"933","author":"Dantzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13219","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13219","article-title":"A viewpoint on aldosterone and BMI related brain morphology in relation to treatment outcome in patients with major depression","volume":"35","author":"Murck","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.036","article-title":"Choroid plexus volume is increased in mood disorders and associates with circulating inflammatory cytokines","volume":"116","author":"Bravi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13585","article-title":"Brain-derived subgroups of bipolar II depression associate with inflammation and choroid plexus morphology","volume":"77","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025000118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025000118","article-title":"Translational value of choroid plexus imaging for tracking neuroinflammation in mice and humans","volume":"118","author":"Fleischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18070825","article-title":"Association of Choroid Plexus Enlargement with Cognitive, Inflammatory, and Structural Phenotypes Across the Psychosis Spectrum","volume":"176","author":"Lizano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.3.579","article-title":"Claudin-11\/OSP-based tight junctions of myelin sheaths in brain and Sertoli cells in testis","volume":"145","author":"Morita","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147667","article-title":"Prevention of vascular dementia via immunotherapeutic blockade of renin-angiotensin system in a rat model","volume":"1772","author":"Wakayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.12.007","article-title":"Chronic unpredictable stress disturbs the blood-testis barrier affecting sperm parameters in mice","volume":"42","author":"Kolbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.10.010","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction mediated by the EZH2-Claudin-5 axis drives stress-induced TNF-\u03b1 infiltration and depression-like behaviors","volume":"115","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20647","article-title":"Possible involvement of gap junctions in the barrier function of tight junctions of brain and lung endothelial cells","volume":"208","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.02.076","article-title":"Atorvastatin prevents angiotensin II-induced high permeability of human arterial endothelial cell monolayers via ROCK signaling pathway","volume":"459","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2021.1946056","article-title":"Angiotensin II type 1 receptor deficiency protects against the impairment of blood-brain barrier in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-018-0610-9","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid Receptors, Neuroinflammation and Hypertensive Encephalopathy","volume":"39","author":"Brocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2011.618200","article-title":"Serum aldosterone is associated with inflammation and aortic stiffness in normotensive overweight and obese young adults","volume":"34","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000226182.60321.69","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular remodeling and inflammation: A clinical review","volume":"24","author":"Duprez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2008.045948","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptors, inflammation and sympathetic drive in a rat model of systolic heart failure","volume":"95","author":"Felder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-010-0373-1","article-title":"Aldosterone-induced kidney injury is mediated by NF\u03baB activation","volume":"15","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.02.001","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptors in the brain and cardiovascular regulation: Minority rule?","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1802","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01096.2001","article-title":"Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart","volume":"283","author":"Rocha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.02.034","article-title":"Aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain are mediated by the endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor","volume":"1637","author":"Dinh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.08.016","article-title":"Aldosterone synergizes with peripheral inflammation to induce brain IL-1\u03b2 expression and depressive-like effects","volume":"60","author":"Hallberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/4\/515\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:59:09Z","timestamp":1760104749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/4\/515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16040515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16040515","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]}}}