{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:10:49Z","timestamp":1787897449354,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP09058217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP09058217"]}]},{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["11022021CRP1511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11022021CRP1511"]}]},{"name":"Nazarbayev University under the Collaborative Research Program","award":["AP09058217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP09058217"]}]},{"name":"Nazarbayev University under the Collaborative Research Program","award":["11022021CRP1511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11022021CRP1511"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and vitamin D deficiency remain major public health problems in Kazakhstan. Due to the high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the country and based on the importance of vitamin D in the modulation of the immune response and the association of its deficiency with many health conditions, the aim of our research was to study the vitamin D status, VDR and TLR gene polymorphisms, and pulmonary tuberculosis epidemiology in Kazakhstan. Methods: A case-control study included 411 individuals diagnosed with pulmonary TB and 686 controls with no family history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Concentrations of serum vitamin D (25-(OH)D) levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The gene polymorphisms were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allelic discrimination assay using TaqMan probes. The association between the risk of pulmonary TB and polymorphisms was evaluated using multimodal logistic regression and assessed with the ORs, corresponding to 95% Cis, and the significance level was determined as p &lt; 0.05. Results: 1097 individuals were recruited from 3 different regions of Kazakhstan. Biochemical data showed vitamin D deficiency (25-(OH)D &lt; 20 ng\/mL) was present in both groups, with the case group accounting for almost 95% and 43.7% in controls. Epidemiological data revealed that socioeconomic factors such as BMI &lt; 25 kg\/m2 (p &lt; 0.001), employment (p &lt; 0.001), diabetes (p &lt; 0.001), and vitamin D deficiency (p &lt; 0.001) were statistically different between case and control groups. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted by sex, age, BMI, residence, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and diabetes, showed that T\/T polymorphism of the VDR gene (rs1544410, OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.04\u20133.72, p = 0.03) and A\/A polymorphism of the TLR8 gene (rs3764880, OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.20\u20134.98, p = 0.01) were associated with a high risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency remains prevalent in our study cohort and is associated with TB progression. Socioeconomic determinants such as unemployment, BMI under 25 kg\/m2, and diabetes are the main risk factors for the development of pulmonary TB in our study. A\/A polymorphism of TLR8 (rs3764880) and T\/T polymorphism (BsmI, rs1544410) of VDR genes may act as biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis in the Kazakh population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T05:10:04Z","timestamp":1708405804000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vitamin D Status, VDR, and TLR Polymorphisms and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Epidemiology in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4161-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dauren","family":"Yerezhepov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidana","family":"Gabdulkayum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Akhmetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulan A.","family":"Kozhamkulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saule E.","family":"Rakhimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulykbek Y.","family":"Kairov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnur","family":"Zhunussova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty 020000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslan N.","family":"Kalendar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6161-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainur","family":"Akilzhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, January 09). Global Tuberculosis Report 2018. 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