{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:55Z","timestamp":1760143675496,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical-Scientific Fund of the Mayor of the Federal Capital Vienna","award":["#COVID037","#P33546-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#COVID037","#P33546-B"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["#COVID037","#P33546-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#COVID037","#P33546-B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 affects several immune pathways, including the vitamin D (VDR) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathways (AhR). The aim of the study was the evaluation of the VDR and AhR pathways in the blood of COVID-19 patients with regard to the severity of disease. (2) Methods: Observational, single-center, case\u2013control design. A total of 240 samples were selected for exploration. Patients who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 but suffered from other respiratory infections (ORIs) served as a control group. (3) Results: VDR-specific mRNA in the blood of patients with mild symptoms (131.2 \u00b1 198.6) was significantly upregulated relative to the VDR expression of the ORI group (23.24 \u00b1 42.60; p &lt; 0.0001); however, VDR expression of critically ill patients showed an impaired upregulation (54.73 \u00b1 68.34; p &lt; 0.001). CYP27B1 expression was not significantly regulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was a downregulation of VDR and CYP27B1 compared to survivors. There was no significant difference in 25(OH)-vitamin D3 levels between critically ill patients with regard to survival (24.3 \u00b1 9.4 vs. 27.1 \u00b1 11.3; p = 0.433). (4) Conclusion: The VDR and AhR pathways are distinctively regulated in patients suffering from COVID-19 depending on the severity of disease. A combination treatment of antiviral drugs and vitamin D substitution should be evaluated for potentially improved prognosis in COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T08:34:35Z","timestamp":1708590875000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Distinct Regulation of the Vitamin D and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3238-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Robak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Theres","family":"Kastner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Voill-Glaninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinik Landstra\u00dfe, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinik Landstra\u00dfe, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3500-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Steininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Microbiome Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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