{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:19:07Z","timestamp":1777501147513,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NUTRICIA Foundation","award":["RG 4\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG 4\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NUTRICIA Foundation","award":["ST 02-0118\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 02-0118\/07"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Gdansk","award":["RG 4\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG 4\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Gdansk","award":["ST 02-0118\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 02-0118\/07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Diet has a critical impact on the gut microbiome, and it has been shown that a gluten-free diet can negatively affect its composition. A gluten-free diet is popular among patients, and therefore the aim of this study was to check whether it affects thyroid function and gut microbiome composition in AIT. Thirty-one women with AIT complied with a gluten-free diet for 8 weeks. After the first 4 weeks, participants were divided into two groups: the first group received gluten in capsules and the other one\u2014rice starch (placebo). Blood and stool samples were examined before diet (T0), after 4 weeks (T1) and after 8 weeks of diet (T2). The only significant difference in blood parameters was observed between T1 and T2 in the placebo group for the thyroid peroxidase antibody level. After the first 4 weeks, a significant increase in Desulfobacterota, Proteobacteria, Prevotella and Parasutterella and a significant decrease in Actinobacteriota, Coriobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium were observed. The detected microbiome alterations may indicate increasing inflammation; however, further research is required, and for now, a gluten-free diet should be used cautiously in AIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1709116656000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gluten-Free Diet Alters the Gut Microbiome in Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1591-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Rodziewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6325-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Szewczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-416 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Bryl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03338.x","article-title":"The incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"McGrogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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