{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:47:24Z","timestamp":1790668044269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["P30AI060354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI060354"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["P30AI073961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI073961"]}]},{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Administration (HAHSTA), Washington, DC, Department of Health","award":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"]}]},{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Administration (HAHSTA), Washington, DC, Department of Health","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}]},{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Administration (HAHSTA), Washington, DC, Department of Health","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}]},{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Administration (HAHSTA), Washington, DC, Department of Health","award":["P30AI060354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI060354"]}]},{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Administration (HAHSTA), Washington, DC, Department of Health","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}]},{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Administration (HAHSTA), Washington, DC, Department of Health","award":["P30AI073961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI073961"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"CFAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"CFAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"CFAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"CFAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI060354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI060354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"CFAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017035","name":"CFAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI073961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI073961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Emory University","award":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"]}]},{"name":"Emory University","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}]},{"name":"Emory University","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}]},{"name":"Emory University","award":["P30AI060354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI060354"]}]},{"name":"Emory University","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}]},{"name":"Emory University","award":["P30AI073961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI073961"]}]},{"name":"Harvard University","award":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"]}]},{"name":"Harvard University","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}]},{"name":"Harvard University","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}]},{"name":"Harvard University","award":["P30AI060354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI060354"]}]},{"name":"Harvard University","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}]},{"name":"Harvard University","award":["P30AI073961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI073961"]}]},{"name":"DC CFAR","award":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"]}]},{"name":"DC CFAR","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}]},{"name":"DC CFAR","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}]},{"name":"DC CFAR","award":["P30AI060354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI060354"]}]},{"name":"DC CFAR","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}]},{"name":"DC CFAR","award":["P30AI073961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI073961"]}]},{"name":"University of Miami","award":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3AI133669"]}]},{"name":"University of Miami","award":["P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI094189"]}]},{"name":"University of Miami","award":["P30AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI050409"]}]},{"name":"University of Miami","award":["P30AI060354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI060354"]}]},{"name":"University of Miami","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}]},{"name":"University of Miami","award":["P30AI073961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI073961"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence and correlates of food insecurity\u2014the unavailability of food and limited access to it\u2014have not been adequately considered among transgender women (TW), particularly alongside other health-related conditions burdening this population, such as HIV infection. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among TW. Between 2018 and 2020, 1590 TW in the Eastern and Southern U.S. completed a multi-site baseline assessment (socio-behavioral survey and HIV testing). Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariable Poisson models with robust error variance were used to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for correlates of food insecurity (dichotomized as sometimes-to-always vs. seldom-to-never running out of food). Eighteen percent of TW were living with HIV and nearly half of participants (44%) reported food insecurity. Correlates of food insecurity included being Black, multiracial, or another race\/ethnicity; having &lt; college education, low income, unstable housing, and high anticipated discrimination; and a history of sex work and sexual violence (all p &lt; 0.05). Food insecurity was highly prevalent among TW. Current programs to provide food support do not adequately meet the needs of TW. HIV pr evention and care programs may benefit from addressing food insecurity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T07:36:21Z","timestamp":1709278581000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Food Insecurity Is High in a Multi-Site Cohort of Transgender Women Vulnerable to or Living with HIV in the Eastern and Southern United States: Baseline Findings from the LITE Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dougie","family":"Zubizarreta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2063-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Humes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9563-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin E.","family":"Cooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meg","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keri N.","family":"Althoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asa E.","family":"Radix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY 10011, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonia","family":"Poteat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare in Adult Populations, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Beyrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1780-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari L.","family":"Reisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010","article-title":"Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions","volume":"147","author":"Reisner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094017","article-title":"Measures of Racism, Sexism, Heterosexism, and Gender Binarism for Health Equity Research: From Structural Injustice to Embodied Harm\u2014An Ecosocial Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Krieger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2190\/HS.44.4.b","article-title":"Discrimination and Health Inequities","volume":"44","author":"Krieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2018.0024","article-title":"Food Insecurity Among Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Individuals in the Southeast United States: A Qualitative Study","volume":"4","author":"Russomanno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stutterheim, S.E., Van Dijk, M., Wang, H., and Jonas, K.J. (2021). The worldwide burden of HIV in transgender individuals: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260063"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304727","article-title":"Estimating the Prevalence of HIV and Sexual Behaviors Among the US Transgender Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 2006\u20132017","volume":"109","author":"Becasen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2019.0053","article-title":"Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Transgender Persons: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Jani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1968-2","article-title":"Food Insecurity is Associated with Poor HIV Outcomes Among Women in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Spinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2020.0009","article-title":"Mechanisms from Food Insecurity to Worse HIV Treatment Outcomes in US Women Living with HIV","volume":"34","author":"Weiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.09.040","article-title":"How food insecurity contributes to poor HIV health outcomes: Qualitative evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"170","author":"Whittle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-009-0030-z","article-title":"Food insecurity and HIV\/AIDS: Current knowledge, gaps, and research priorities","volume":"6","author":"Anema","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29152","DOI":"10.2196\/29152","article-title":"Digital Epidemiologic Research on Multilevel Risks for HIV Acquisition and Other Health Outcomes Among Transgender Women in Eastern and Southern United States: Protocol for an Online Cohort","volume":"10","author":"Wirtz","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14704","DOI":"10.2196\/14704","article-title":"American Cohort to Study HIV Acquisition Among Transgender Women in High-Risk Areas (The LITE Study): Protocol for a Multisite Prospective Cohort Study in the Eastern and Southern United States","volume":"8","author":"Wirtz","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture (2023, December 01). Food Security in the U.S.\u2014Measurement, Available online: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-nutrition-assistance\/food-security-in-the-u-s\/measurement\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024, January 01). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, D. (1987). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabbitt, M.P., Hales, L.J., Burke, M.P., and Coleman-Jensen, A. (2023). Household Food Security in the United States in 2022.","DOI":"10.32747\/2023.8134351.ers"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.07.017","article-title":"Transgender and Gender Diverse Populations","volume":"62","author":"Zubizarreta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Collins, P.H. (1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"139","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","volume":"1","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Univ. Chic. Leg Forum"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Combahee River Collective (2024, January 01). The Combahee River Collective Statement. Available online: https:\/\/www.blackpast.org\/african-american-history\/combahee-river-collective-statement-1977\/.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.18530845.40"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-021-00642-2","article-title":"\u201c\u2026Everybody Else Is More Privileged. Then It\u2019s Us\u2026\u201d: A Qualitative Study Exploring Community Responses to Social Determinants of Health Inequities and Intersectional Exclusion Among Trans Women of Color in Detroit, Michigan","volume":"19","author":"Trammell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Res. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114495","article-title":"The transgender-specific intimate partner violence scale for research and practice: Validation in a sample of transgender women","volume":"291","author":"Peitzmeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) (2023, December 10). IN DANGER: UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2022-global-aids-update-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1605-5","article-title":"Associations Between Food Insecurity and HIV Viral Suppression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Aibibula","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/5\/707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:07:25Z","timestamp":1760105245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/5\/707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16050707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16050707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]}}}