{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T03:54:17Z","timestamp":1783137257317,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: The aim of this work is to assess the vitamin D levels, evaluated as plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D of children with a new diagnosis of celiac disease (CD), of children with a new onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and in children with CD at diagnosis of T1D (T1D&amp;CD). Methods: In this single-center observational study, we collected data for four groups of children and adolescents: T1D, CD, T1D&amp;CD, and a control group (CG). The CG included schoolchildren who had negative results during a mass screening campaign for CD and were not diagnosed for T1D, according to RIDI Marche registry data, were considered for the purposes of this study. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3 were considered as the parameters for evaluating vitamin D nutritional status, and the date of measurement was recorded to analyze vitamin D level seasonality. Vitamin D nutritional status was categorized as follows: severe deficiency (&lt;10 ng\/mL), deficiency (&lt;20 ng\/mL), insufficiency (20\u201329 ng\/mL), or sufficiency\/adequacy (\u226530 ng\/mL). The Kruskal\u2013Wallis test was used to compare the groups. The association of 25(OH)D levels with health conditions and seasonal differences of 25(OH)D levels was analyzed using a multiple linear regression model. Results: The number of children enrolled for the present study was 393: 131 in the CG, 131 CD, 109 T1D, and 22 T1D&amp;CD. Significantly lower levels of vitamin D were displayed for children with CD, T1D, or both the diseases. Interestingly, severe vitamin D deficiency was detected in no children with CD, 1.5% of children in the CG, in 24.4% with T1D, and 31.8% with T1D&amp;CD (p &lt; 0.001). As expected, the CG children vitamin D levels were significantly influenced by seasonality. Contrarily, no seasonal differences were reported in children with CD, T1D, and T1D&amp;CD. Multiple regression analysis showed that children with T1D and T1D&amp;CD had lower 25(OH)D levels of 9.9 ng\/mL (95% CI: 5.4; 14.5) and 14.4 ng\/mL (95% CI: 6.2\u201322.7) compared to CG children (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Our results showed low levels of vitamin D diagnosis of T1D, CD, and T1D&amp;CD; however, severe deficiency was only reported in children with T1D and T1D&amp;CD. More studies are needed to better understand the role of this deficiency in children newly diagnosed with CD and T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T05:31:19Z","timestamp":1709616679000},"page":"743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Differences in Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels at Diagnosis of Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, G. Salesi Hospital, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Galeazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Marche Polytechnic University, 60100 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6943-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Gesuita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salima","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Catassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentino","family":"Cherubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, G. Salesi Hospital, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lionetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Marche Polytechnic University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113994","article-title":"Celiac Disease","volume":"367","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","article-title":"Celiac Disease","volume":"357","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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