{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:53:00Z","timestamp":1790632380914,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["083707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["083707"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["084774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084774"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["084754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084754"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["MR\/T038292\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T038292\/1"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["MR\/V001221\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V001221\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["083707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["083707"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["084774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084774"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["084754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084754"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/T038292\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T038292\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/V001221\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V001221\/1"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition","award":["083707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["083707"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition","award":["084774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084774"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition","award":["084754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084754"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition","award":["MR\/T038292\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T038292\/1"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition","award":["MR\/V001221\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V001221\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Meat is commonly consumed in India; however, in comparison to Western settings, it is eaten in relatively lower quantities and with minimal processing. The association between meat intake and cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) and their risk factors in India is currently uncertain. We examined whether meat intake is associated with risk factors for CMDs and the measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in urbanising villages in southern India. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 6012 adults (52.3% male) participating in the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents\u2019 Study (APCAPS), which is a large prospective, intergenerational cohort study in Southern India that began with the long-term follow-up of the Hyderabad Nutrition Trial (1987\u20131990). We used cross-sectional data from the third wave of data collection conducted in 2010\u20132012, where total meat intake was assessed using 100-item, semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). The FFQs were validated using multiple weighed 24 h dietary recalls. The main predictor, \u2018total meat intake\u2019, was calculated as the sum of chicken, red meat, and fish consumption. The risk factors for CMDs [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, total cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein] and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis [Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Pulse Wave Velocity, and Augmentation Index] were assessed using standardised clinical procedures. Stratified by gender, the association of meat intake with the risk factors of CMDs and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis was examined using linear multilevel models with random intercept at the household level. Results: The mean (SD) age of the male (n = 3128) and female participants (n = 2828) was 34.09 years (15.55) and 34.27 years (12.73), respectively. The median (IQR) intake of meat was 17.79 g\/day (8.90, 30.26) in males and 8.90 g\/day (4.15, 18.82) in females. In males, a 10 g increase in total meat intake\/1000 Kcal\/day was positively associated with DBP, BMI, WC, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, whereas in females, a 10 g increase in total meat intake\/1000 Kcal\/day was positively associated with SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides. There was no relationship between meat consumption and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis. Conclusions: Meat intake had a linear positive association with CMD risk factors among the relatively younger Indian population who were consuming meat at lower levels compared to their European counterparts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T05:31:19Z","timestamp":1709616679000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Association of Total Meat Intake with Cardio-Metabolic Disease Risk Factors and Measures of Sub-Clinical Atherosclerosis in an Urbanising Community of Southern India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis for the APCAPS Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hemant","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poppy Alice Carson","family":"Mallinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Lieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhi","family":"Bhogadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh Kumar","family":"Banjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadde Sudhakar","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geereddy Bhanuprakash","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research\u2014National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0636-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharati","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kinra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008729","article-title":"Cardiovascular Diseases in India: Current Epidemiology and Future Directions","volume":"133","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001782","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001782","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and predictors of cardiovascular risk factors: Longitudinal data from rural and urban South India and comparison with global data","volume":"8","author":"Vasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. 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