{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:01:43Z","timestamp":1790668903710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to beneficially modulate the gut microbiome, which underlies their potential for benefit in GI conditions. Formulating specific recommendations for the public regarding these dietary supplements has been difficult due to the significant heterogeneity between strains, doses, and duration of treatment investigated across studies, as well as safety concerns with administering live organisms. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence for the use of prebiotics and probiotics in various GI disorders, paying special attention to strain-specific effects that emerged and any adverse effects noted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T07:25:32Z","timestamp":1710141932000},"page":"778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Prebiotics and Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sameeha","family":"Rau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-3310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Gregg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Yaceczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2714-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berkeley","family":"Limketkai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007","article-title":"An Immunomodulatory Molecule of Symbiotic Bacteria Directs Maturation of the Host Immune System","volume":"122","author":"Mazmanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.063","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice","volume":"139","author":"Bercik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalog established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Metchnikoff, E. (1908). The Prolongation of Life, Putnam."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1616\/1476-2137.15880","article-title":"Dietary prebiotics: Current status and new definition","volume":"7","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Bull. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarino, M.P.L., Altomare, A., Emerenziani, S., Di Rosa, C., Ribolsi, M., Balestrieri, P., Iovino, P., Rocchi, G., and Cicala, M. (2020). Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041037"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01096H","article-title":"Inulin: Properties and health benefits","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S.J., Berenjian, A., and Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1121","article-title":"Probiotics in Disease Prevention and Treatment","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp090168","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"67","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185034","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2185034","article-title":"Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Merenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wie\u00ebrs, G., Belkhir, L., Enaud, R., Leclercq, S., de Foy, J.-M.P., Dequenne, I., deTimary, P., and Cani, P.D. (2019). How Probiotics Affect the Microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00454"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.41","article-title":"Secretory IgA\u2019s complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut","volume":"4","author":"Mantis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(16)61581-2","article-title":"Effect of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on serum antioxidant capacity, mucosal sIgA secretions and gut microbial populations in weaned piglets","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., and Rotondo, J.C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"Chapter Three\u2014The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Health and Disease","volume":"Volume 121","author":"Alt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Immunology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.05.008","article-title":"Understanding the Holobiont: How microbial metabolites affect human health and shape the immune system","volume":"26","author":"Postler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903526","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.903526","article-title":"Dual Role of Indoles Derived From Intestinal Microbiota on Human Health","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00657-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00657-22","article-title":"Probiotic Consortia and Their Metabolites Ameliorate the Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in a Colitis Mouse Model","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, S., Pei, C., Cai, K., Huang, W., Xiao, X., Zhang, X., Liang, R., Chen, Y., Xie, Z., and Li, P. (2024). Lactobacillus acidophilus and its metabolite ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorate ulcerative colitis by promoting Treg differentiation and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1302998"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.019","article-title":"Oral administration of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711, enhances the intestinal function of healthy adults","volume":"107","author":"Olivares","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e4607491","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains Stimulate the Inflammatory Response and Activate Human Macrophages","volume":"2017","author":"Eslava","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09775-7","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum UBLP40 Isolated from Traditional Indigenous Fermented Food","volume":"13","author":"Ahire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-002-0855-7","article-title":"Probiotics up-regulate MUC-2 mucin gene expression in a Caco-2 cell-culture model","volume":"18","author":"Mattar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12327","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12327","article-title":"Strengthening of the intestinal epithelial tight junction by Bifidobacterium bifidum","volume":"3","author":"Hsieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77100","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77100","article-title":"Lactococcus lactis NCDO2118 exerts visceral antinociceptive properties in rat via GABA production in the gastro-intestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Laroute","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12459294","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: Mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation","volume":"6","author":"Hemarajata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57275-0","article-title":"Leaky-gut enhanced lupus progression in the Fc gamma receptor-IIb deficient and pristane-induced mouse models of lupus","volume":"10","author":"Surawut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Rodriguez, E., Egea-Zorrilla, A., Plaza-D\u00edaz, J., Arag\u00f3n-Vela, J., Mu\u00f1oz-Quezada, S., Tercedor-S\u00e1nchez, L., and Abadia-Molina, F. (2020). The Gut Microbiota and Its Implication in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030605"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.10.009","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum on serum lipids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol","volume":"16","author":"Simons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. NMCD"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumbeck, J.A., Rasmussen, H.E., Hutkins, R.W., Clarke, J., Shawron, K., Keshavarzian, A., and Walter, J. (2018). Probiotic Bifidobacterium strains and galactooligosaccharides improve intestinal barrier function in obese adults but show no synergism when used together as synbiotics. Microbiome, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0494-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.100162","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Intestinal Permeability in Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Animal Studies","volume":"15","author":"DiMattia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Bethesda Md."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaiyasut, C., Sivamaruthi, B.S., Lailerd, N., Sirilun, S., Khongtan, S., Fukngoen, P., Peerajan, S., Saelee, M., Chaiyasut, K., and Kesika, P. (2022). Probiotics Supplementation Improves Intestinal Permeability, Obesity Index and Metabolic Biomarkers in Elderly Thai Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030268"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506","article-title":"Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers","volume":"500","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaza-D\u00edaz, J., Sol\u00eds-Urra, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, F., Olivares-Arancibia, J., Navarro-Oliveros, M., Abad\u00eda-Molina, F., and \u00c1lvarez-Mercado, A.I. (2020). The Gut Barrier, Intestinal Microbiota, and Liver Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Strategies to Manage. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218351"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.011","article-title":"Twin Study Indicates Loss of Interaction Between Microbiota and Mucosa of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"141","author":"Lepage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.073817","article-title":"Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease revealed by a metagenomic approach","volume":"55","author":"Manichanh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80482-z","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacilli as a promising strategy to ameliorate disorders associated with intestinal inflammation induced by a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug","volume":"11","author":"Monteros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"8645","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on the occurrence of nutrition absorption capacities in healthy children: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Ballini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0441-y","article-title":"The effect of Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk on acute changes in calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women","volume":"43","author":"Narva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"LC05","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Dietary Intervention on Calcium and Haematological Parameters in Geriatrics","volume":"10","author":"Gohel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkhidarian, B., Roldos, L., Iskandar, M.M., Saedisomeolia, A., and Kubow, S. (2021). Probiotic Supplementation and Micronutrient Status in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093001"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451300055X","article-title":"Galacto-oligosaccharides increase calcium absorption and gut bifidobacteria in young girls: A double-blind cross-over trial","volume":"110","author":"Whisner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.12.2938","article-title":"Transgalactooligosaccharides stimulate calcium absorption in postmenopausal women","volume":"130","author":"Schoterman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2005.10.003","article-title":"Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler\u2019s diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"McFarland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.02.002","article-title":"Orally Ingested Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic Interventions as Countermeasures for Gastrointestinal Tract Infections in Nonelderly Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Fagnant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhu, G., Li, C., Lai, H., Liu, X., and Zhang, L. (2021). Which Probiotic Is the Most Effective for Treating Acute Diarrhea in Children? A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124319"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16618","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016618","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of probiotics and synbiotics in children with acute diarrhea","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-511","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i33.4999","article-title":"Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15267","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children\u2014A 2019 update","volume":"49","author":"Szajewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"CD003048","article-title":"Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea","volume":"12","author":"Collinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florez, I.D., Veroniki, A.-A., Khalifah, R.A., Yepes-Nu\u00f1ez, J.J., Sierra, J.M., Vernooij, R.W.M., Acosta-Reyes, J., Granados, C.M., P\u00e9rez-Gaxiola, G., and Cuello-Garcia, C. (2018). Comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions for acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207701"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04046-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in reducing duration of acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients in developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Vassilopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00124","article-title":"Strain-Specificity and Disease-Specificity of Probiotic Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"McFarland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001464","article-title":"Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials","volume":"55","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3507","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"Hempel","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease","volume":"101","author":"McFarland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15837","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i42.15837","article-title":"Commercially available probiotic drinks containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"20","author":"Dietrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"CD004827","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zeng, X., Guo, D., Zou, Y., Gan, H., and Huang, X. (2022). Early use of probiotics might prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in elderly (>65 years): A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03257-3"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.302-307.1999","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii Protease Inhibits the Effects of Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B in Human Colonic Mucosa","volume":"67","author":"Castagliuolo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.003","article-title":"Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection: A Systematic Review With Meta-Regression Analysis","volume":"152","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"CD006095","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children","volume":"12","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.059","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"159","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4314","article-title":"VE303, a Defined Bacterial Consortium, for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"329","author":"Louie","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12878","article-title":"Systematic review: The role of the gut microbiota in chemotherapy- or radiation-induced gastrointestinal mucositis\u2014Current evidence and potential clinical applications","volume":"40","author":"Touchefeu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0355-4","article-title":"16S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing Reveals Shift in Patient Faecal Microbiota During High-Dose Chemotherapy as Conditioning Regimen for Bone Marrow Transplantation","volume":"67","author":"Montassier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"CD008831","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related diarrhoea in people with cancer","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"22","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics and trimebutine maleate for abemaciclib-induced diarrhea: A randomized, open-label phase II trial (MERMAID, WJOG11318B)","volume":"71","author":"Masuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Off. J. Eur. Soc. Mastology"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"701","article-title":"Probiotics in preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced diarrhea: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M.-M., Li, S.-T., Shu, Y., and Zhan, H.-Q. (2017). Probiotics for prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178870"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(88)80296-4","article-title":"Preservation of intestinal integrity during radiotherapy using live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures","volume":"39","author":"Salminen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_152_19","article-title":"A phase 2 randomized controlled trial of oral resistant starch supplements in the prevention of acute radiation proctitis in patients treated for cervical cancer","volume":"15","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00019","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Chronic Constipation: A Review and Update","volume":"6","author":"Ohkusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.005","article-title":"Relationship Between Microbiota of the Colonic Mucosa vs Feces and Symptoms, Colonic Transit, and Methane Production in Female Patients With Chronic Constipation","volume":"150","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014407","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota on Gut Motility and Constipation","volume":"8","author":"Dimidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Bethesda Md."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522003853","article-title":"Functional constipation and the effect of prebiotics on the gut microbiota: A review","volume":"130","author":"Erhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665119000934","article-title":"Probiotics and constipation: Mechanisms of action, evidence for effectiveness and utilisation by patients and healthcare professionals","volume":"79","author":"Dimidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2010.527323","article-title":"Effects of chicory inulin in constipated elderly people: A double-blind controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Marteau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1212819","article-title":"Effect of consumption of chicory inulin on bowel function in healthy subjects with constipation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Micka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02596K","article-title":"Chemical stability of fructans in apple beverages and their influence on chronic constipation","volume":"11","author":"Glibowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01290F","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of stachyose-enriched \u03b1-galacto-oligosaccharides on gut microbiota and bowel function in humans","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoemaker, M.H., Hageman, J.H.J., Haaf, D.T., Hartog, A., Scholtens, P.A.M.J., Boekhorst, J., Nauta, A., and Bos, R. (2022). Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides Impact Stool Frequency and Fecal Microbiota in Self-Reported Constipated Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020309"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.09.014","article-title":"Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics on Functional Constipation","volume":"353","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.015","article-title":"Probiotics and synbiotics in chronic constipation in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"Helander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1412908","article-title":"Effects of 28-day Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 supplementation on colonic transit time and gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with functional constipation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and dose-ranging trial","volume":"9","author":"Ibarra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5139-8","article-title":"Probiotics Ameliorate Stool Consistency in Patients with Chronic Constipation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"63","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31185","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031185","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Gerenutti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.015","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of probiotics and synbiotics for functional constipation in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01189-0","article-title":"The effect of multistrain probiotics on functional constipation in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Mucalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"388","article-title":"Investigation of the efficacy of synbiotics in the treatment of functional constipation in children: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Artan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol. Off. J. Turk. Soc. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Rome IV Criteria (2024, January 27). Rome Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/theromefoundation.org\/rome-iv\/rome-iv-criteria\/."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, E., C\u0103linoiu, L.F., Mitrea, L., and Vodnar, D.C. (2021). Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Implications and Beneficial Effects against Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062112"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, C.D., Altomare, A., Terrigno, V., Carbone, F., Tack, J., Cicala, M., and Guarino, M.P.L. (2023). Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-C): Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and Symptoms. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071647"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lb426","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.lb426","article-title":"Efficacy of inulin enriched yogurt on bowel habits in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Isakov","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"84","article-title":"Using a multicomponent functional food in IBS patients with constipation a comparative controlled study","volume":"85","author":"Pilipenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vopr. Pitan."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"83","article-title":"Dry jelly concentrate with vitamins and dietary fiber in patients with IBS with constipation: A comparative controlled study","volume":"84","author":"Pilipenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vopr. Pitan."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.6.1570","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fructooligosaccharides in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Olesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.7.1451S","article-title":"Controlled trial of oligofructose in the management of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Hunter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03911.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The effects of a trans-galactooligosaccharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Silk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12911","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12911","article-title":"Effects of scFOS on the composition of fecal microbiota and anxiety in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Azpiroz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy376","article-title":"Prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional bowel disorders in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"109","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15001","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: The efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"180","article-title":"The effectiveness of a probiotic containing Bifidobacterium longum BB-46 and Enterococcus faecium ENCfa-68 in the treatment of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Prospective randomized comparative study","volume":"94","author":"Yakovenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ter. Arkh."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzyd\u0142o-Radoma\u0144ska, B., and Cukrowska, B. (2022). How to Recognize and Treat Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth?. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206017"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2174\/15748847113089990048","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic or Prebiotic Supplementation on Antibiotic Therapy in the Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Comparative Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Rosania","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000814","article-title":"Probiotics for Preventing and Treating Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Current Evidence","volume":"51","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05830-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii and Metronidazole for Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Jara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.15375","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with gastric and colorectal cancer","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16283","article-title":"Bifidobacterium triple viable powder\/capsule: How effective it is against gastrointestinal diseases?","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"604","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of probiotic on treatment in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)\u2014A pilot study","volume":"140","author":"Khalighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000215","article-title":"Functional impacts of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G822-31","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00440.2015","article-title":"Butyrate enhances antibacterial effects while suppressing other features of alternative activation in IL-4-induced macrophages","volume":"310","author":"Fernando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202317316105","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits NF-kappaB activation in lamina propria macrophages of patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"37","author":"Luhrs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21177","article-title":"Enhanced translocation of bacteria across metabolically stressed epithelia is reduced by butyrate","volume":"16","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17387","article-title":"Efficacy of 1-kestose supplementation in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"57","author":"Ikegami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1526583","article-title":"Inulin-type fructans improve active ulcerative colitis associated with microbiota changes and increased short-chain fatty acids levels","volume":"10","author":"Valcheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03288.x","article-title":"Oral oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation in acute ulcerative colitis is well tolerated and associated with lowered faecal calprotectin","volume":"25","author":"Casellas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S352","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.604","article-title":"The effect of adjuvant therapy (Sinergin\u00ae) in induction and maintaining remission in mild and moderate IBD","volume":"2019","author":"Ichim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"116","article-title":"Effects of an Oral Supplementation of Germinated Barley Foodstuff on Serum CRP Level and Clinical Signs in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"4","author":"Faghfoori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Promot. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03326417","article-title":"Treatment of ulcerative colitis by feeding with germinated barley foodstuff: First report of a multicenter open control trial","volume":"37","author":"Kanauchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2021.101444","article-title":"Efficacy of Plantago major seed in management of ulcerative colitis symptoms: A randomized, placebo controlled, clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Baghizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"643","article-title":"Germinated barley foodstuff prolongs remission in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"Hanai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prebiotic \u03b2-fructans prevent subclinical intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis patients who are in clinical remission","volume":"2021","author":"Valcheva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otaa005","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otaa005","article-title":"Oat Bran Increased Fecal Butyrate and Prevented Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis-Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"2","author":"Nyman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.872_a.x","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU)","volume":"94","author":"Hinojosa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"A375","article-title":"Maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis: Prebiotics and dietary fiber","volume":"2","author":"Copaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.232025","article-title":"Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fructo-oligosaccharides in active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Benjamin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300413","article-title":"Effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OF-IN) on bacterial composition and disease activity of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: Results from a double-blinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Joossens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab335","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Their Association with Symptoms Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Limketkai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.11.026","article-title":"Dietary Interventions for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Limketkai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11068","article-title":"Use of oral diet and nutrition support in management of stricturing and fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Fansiwala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"CD005573","article-title":"Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"3","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthes, H., Krummenerl, T., Giensch, M., Wolff, C., and Schulze, J. (2010). Clinical trial: Probiotic treatment of acute distal ulcerative colitis with rectally administered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-13"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04939.x","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: The effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 rectal enema in children with active distal ulcerative colitis","volume":"35","author":"Oliva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12553","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic treatment with Bifidobacterium longum 536 for induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter trial","volume":"28","author":"Tamaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.0019-5359.IndianJMedSci20170486","article-title":"EKects of lactobacillus casei probiotic on mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: A placebo controlled study","volume":"69","author":"Vejdani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.118","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis","volume":"104","author":"Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.016","article-title":"The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis","volume":"7","author":"Sood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.218","article-title":"Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"105","author":"Tursi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"CD013210","article-title":"Interventions for maintenance of surgically induced remission in Crohn\u2019s disease: A network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00171-9","article-title":"Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Gionchetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-015-1261-9","article-title":"The effect of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI on the prevention of pouchitis and alteration of the microbiota profile in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"46","author":"Yasueda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.10.015","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Pouchitis and Inflammatory Pouch Disorders","volume":"166","author":"Barnes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01465.x","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ileal pouch inflammation and microbial flora","volume":"17","author":"Kuisma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.53.1.108","article-title":"Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis","volume":"53","author":"Mimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.9370","article-title":"Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Gionchetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20369","article-title":"Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells","volume":"14","author":"Pronio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"CD006634","article-title":"Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Limketkai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz, M., Timmer, A., Herfarth, H.H., Sartor, R.B., Vanderhoof, J.A., and Rath, H.C. (2004). Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn\u2019s disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-4-5"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04417.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption\u2014A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Steed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.11.017","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of synbiotic versus probiotic or prebiotic treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"25","author":"Fujimori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000749","article-title":"Probiotics for Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"115","author":"Seiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31827759ac","article-title":"Exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Bifidobacterium infantis natren life start strain super strain in active celiac disease","volume":"47","author":"Smecuol","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000609","article-title":"Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 in children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease","volume":"112","author":"Olivares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001023","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiological Effect of a Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation in Celiac Patients With Persistent IBS-type Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Trial","volume":"53","author":"Francavilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00987-x","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and microbiota in patients with celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Mozafarybazargany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020447","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2022\/40\/2020447","article-title":"The role of probiotics in the immune response and intestinal microbiota of children with celiac disease: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Jedwab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr. Orgao. Soc. Pediatr. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8535-7","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori treatment: Antibiotics or probiotics","volume":"102","author":"Goderska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP150415127G","article-title":"Can probiotics improve efficiency and safety profile of triple Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy? A prospective randomized study","volume":"73","author":"Grgov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02625-0","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 plus sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections: A randomized, open-label trial","volume":"75","author":"Seddik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2009.00716.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus containing quadruple therapy versus standard triple first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viazis, N., Argyriou, K., Kotzampassi, K., Christodoulou, D.K., Apostolopoulos, P., Georgopoulos, S.D., Liatsos, C., Giouleme, O., Koustenis, K., and Veretanos, C. (2022). A Four-Probiotics Regimen Combined with A Standard Helicobacter pylori-Eradication Treatment Reduces Side Effects and Increases Eradication Rates. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030632"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02448.x","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation improves tolerance to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy\u2014A placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Myllyluoma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"737","article-title":"Effects of ingesting Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01679-8","article-title":"Probiotic Bacteria: A Promising Tool in Cancer Prevention and Therapy","volume":"76","author":"Przystupski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Guo, B., Gao, R., Zhu, Q., and Qin, H. (2015). Microbiota disbiosis is associated with colorectal cancer. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00020"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535982","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3535982","article-title":"The Role of Probiotics in Colorectal Cancer Management","volume":"2020","author":"Sivamaruthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2013.14.4.387","article-title":"Chemopreventive and metabolic effects of inulin on colon cancer development","volume":"14","author":"Szabadosova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0215","article-title":"Randomized phase II trial of sulindac, atorvastatin, and prebiotic dietary fiber for colorectal cancer chemoprevention","volume":"4","author":"Limburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. Phila. Pa."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C. (2016). Nutraceuticals, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety of probiotics used to reduce risk and prevent or treat disease","volume":"200","author":"Hempel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2014.872627","article-title":"A systematic review of the safety of probiotics","volume":"13","author":"Didari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"685","article-title":"Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"152","author":"Besselink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00226.x","article-title":"Probiotic microbes: Do they need to be alive to be beneficial?","volume":"67","author":"Kataria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/6\/778\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:11:15Z","timestamp":1760105475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/6\/778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16060778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16060778","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]]}}}