{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:41:57Z","timestamp":1787730117033,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]],"date-time":"2024-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ERA-HDHL Initiative: Gut Metabotypes as Biomarkers for Nutrition and Health","award":["2816ERA14E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA14E"]}]},{"name":"ERA-HDHL Initiative: Gut Metabotypes as Biomarkers for Nutrition and Health","award":["2816ERA13E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA13E"]}]},{"name":"ERA-HDHL Initiative: Gut Metabotypes as Biomarkers for Nutrition and Health","award":["#150364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#150364"]}]},{"name":"CIHR","award":["2816ERA14E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA14E"]}]},{"name":"CIHR","award":["2816ERA13E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA13E"]}]},{"name":"CIHR","award":["#150364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#150364"]}]},{"name":"Mitacs Accelerate Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["2816ERA14E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA14E"]}]},{"name":"Mitacs Accelerate Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["2816ERA13E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2816ERA13E"]}]},{"name":"Mitacs Accelerate Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["#150364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#150364"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral iron supplementation is the first-line treatment for addressing iron deficiency, a concern particularly relevant to women who are susceptible to sub-optimal iron levels. Nevertheless, the impact of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota of middle-aged women remains unclear. To investigate the association between iron supplementation and the gut microbiota, healthy females aged 40\u201365 years (n = 56, BMI = 23 \u00b1 2.6 kg\/m2) were retrospectively analyzed from the Alberta\u2019s Tomorrow Project. Fecal samples along with various lifestyle, diet, and health questionnaires were obtained. The gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Individuals were matched by age and BMI and classified as either taking no iron supplement, a low-dose iron supplement (6\u201310 mg iron\/day), or high-dose iron (&gt;100 mg\/day). Compositional and functional analyses of microbiome data in relation to iron supplementation were investigated using various bioinformatics tools. Results revealed that iron supplementation had a dose-dependent effect on microbial communities. Elevated iron intake (&gt;100 mg) was associated with an augmentation of Proteobacteria and a reduction in various taxa, including Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Verrucomicrobia, Ruminococcus, Alistipes, and Faecalibacterium. Metagenomic prediction further suggested the upregulation of iron acquisition and siderophore biosynthesis following high iron intake. In conclusion, adequate iron levels are essential for the overall health and wellbeing of women through their various life stages. Our findings offer insights into the complex relationships between iron supplementation and the gut microbiota in middle-aged women and underscore the significance of iron dosage in maintaining optimal gut health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T07:25:32Z","timestamp":1710141932000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Dose-Responsive Effects of Iron Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota in Middle-Aged Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1224-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Shearer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4115-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shrushti","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"MacInnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Shen-Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta\u2019s Tomorrow Project, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9405-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlong","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61235-5","article-title":"Nutritional iron deficiency","volume":"370","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","article-title":"A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010","volume":"123","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.01.017","article-title":"The relationship between heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia","volume":"229","author":"Munro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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