{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:33:29Z","timestamp":1790066009609,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Connecticut Child Health and Development Institute"},{"name":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation\u2019s Colgate Palmolive Fellowship in Nutrition, Oral Health\/Dental Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Responsive feeding (RF), the reciprocal feeding approach between caregiver and child that promotes child health, is understudied among low-income caregivers. This mixed methods study with low-income caregivers of 12-to-36-month-olds aimed to (1) assess variability in RF and associations with children\u2019s dietary intake, and (2) explore caregivers\u2019 perceptions of RF. Caregivers (n = 134) completed an online survey with RF questions (n = 25), grouped into environmental (meal environment, caregiver modeling, caregiver beliefs) and child (self-regulation, hunger\/satiety cues, food for reward, food acceptance) influences scores. Children\u2019s recent food group consumption was loaded onto healthy and less healthy intake scores. In an adjusted multiple linear regression analysis, greater RF scores for environmental and child influences were associated with greater healthy intake scores (p\u2019s &lt; 0.01). Greater scores for environmental influences were also associated with lower scores for unhealthy intake (p &lt; 0.01). From focus groups with a separate sample of caregivers (n = 24), thematic analysis uncovered that two themes aligned (trust in child cues, positive strategies to encourage children to eat non-preferred foods) and two misaligned (lack of trust in child cues, use of force\/bribery) with RF. Complementary integration of quantitative and qualitative findings can inform future interventions with low-income caregivers, encouraging trust in young children\u2019s hunger\/satiety cues and positive strategies for food acceptance to improve diet quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T08:17:29Z","timestamp":1710749849000},"page":"863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Responsive Feeding Practices to Promote Healthy Diets: A Mixed Method Study among Low-Income Caregivers with Toddlers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4703-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate E.","family":"Killion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of CT, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5368-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of CT, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Romo-Palafox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics, Doisy College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, University of CT, 1 Constitution Plaza, Suite 600, Hartford, CT 06103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Kagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walden Behavioral Care, Dedham, MA 02026, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of CT, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie B.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of CT, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy042","article-title":"Total Usual Nutrient Intakes of US Children (Under 48 Months): Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016","volume":"148","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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