{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:08:51Z","timestamp":1792613331735,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006453","name":"Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H11PA22111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H11PA22111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the known beneficial effects of creatine in treating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), its effectiveness remains unclear. This study investigates the recovery effect of creatine monohydrate (CrM) on EIMD. Twenty healthy men (21\u201336 years) were subjected to stratified, randomized, double-blind assignments. The creatine (CRE) and placebo (PLA) groups ingested creatine and crystalline cellulose, respectively, for 28 days. They subsequently performed dumbbell exercises while emphasizing eccentric contraction of the elbow flexors. The EIMD was evaluated before and after exercise. The range of motion was significantly higher in the CRE group than in the PLA group 24 h (h) post exercise. A similar difference was detected in maximum voluntary contraction at 0, 48, 96, and 168 h post exercise (p = 0.017\u20130.047). The upper arm circumference was significantly lower in the CRE group than in the PLA group at 48, 72, 96, and 168 h post exercise (p = 0.002\u20130.030). Similar variation was observed in the shear modulus of the biceps brachii muscle at 96 and 168 h post exercise (p = 0.003\u20130.021) and in muscle fatigue at 0 and 168 h post exercise (p = 0.012\u20130.032). These findings demonstrate CrM-mediated accelerated recovery from EIMD, suggesting that CrM is an effective supplement for EIMD recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:56:07Z","timestamp":1710914167000},"page":"896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effect of Prior Creatine Intake for 28 Days on Accelerated Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6655-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7299-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Inami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihisa","family":"Morito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama 331-9530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1892-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama 331-9530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuyoshi","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"Structural and mechanical basis of exercise-induced muscle injury","volume":"24","author":"Lieber","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2022.536","article-title":"Changes in muscle shear modulus and urinary titin N-terminal fragment after eccentric exercise","volume":"21","author":"Inami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00011","article-title":"Concentric or eccentric training effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"34","author":"Nosaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200109000-00011","article-title":"How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last?","volume":"33","author":"Nosaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004484","article-title":"Synergistic dominance induced by hip extension exercise alters biomechanics and muscular activity during sprinting and suggests a potential link to hamstring strain","volume":"37","author":"Iguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3170-4","article-title":"Attenuation of indirect markers of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage by curcumin","volume":"115","author":"Tanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanabe, Y., Fujii, N., and Suzuki, K. (2021). Dietary supplementation for attenuating exercise-induced muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle soreness in humans. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010070"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreider, R.B., and Stout, J.R. (2021). Creatine in health and disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020447"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-016-2188-1","article-title":"The role of dietary creatine","volume":"48","author":"Brosnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1500644","article-title":"Beyond muscle: The effects of creatine supplementation on brain creatine, cognitive processing, and traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Dolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00185","article-title":"Pravastatin chronic treatment sensitizes hypercholesterolemic mice muscle to mitochondrial permeability transition: Protection by creatine or coenzyme Q10","volume":"8","author":"Busanello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.C., Fang, C.C., Lee, Y.H., Yang, M.T., and Chan, K.H. (2018). Effects of 4-week creatine supplementation combined with complex training on muscle damage and sport performance. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111640"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"89","article-title":"Short and longer-term effects of creatine supplementation on exercise induced muscle damage","volume":"8","author":"Rosene","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0282","article-title":"The effect of creatine supplementation on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention trials","volume":"31","author":"Northeast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00006","article-title":"Effects of warm-up before eccentric exercise on indirect markers of muscle damage","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04566-4","article-title":"Exercise-induced muscle damage: Mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery","volume":"121","author":"Markus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.9.21","article-title":"N-terminal fragments of titin in urine as a biomarker for eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"9","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Fit. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"117","article-title":"Repeated eccentric exercise bouts do not exacerbate muscle damage and repair","volume":"16","author":"Nosaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.12.023","article-title":"Changes in urinary titin N-terminal fragments as a biomarker of exercise-induced muscle damage in the repeated bout effect","volume":"23","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199608000-00003","article-title":"Changes in indicators of inflammation after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors","volume":"28","author":"Nosaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39375","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39375","article-title":"Establishment of a highly sensitive sandwich ELISA for the N-terminal fragment of titin in urine","volume":"6","author":"Maruyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"121","article-title":"Changes in urinary titin N-terminal fragment concentration after concentric and eccentric exercise","volume":"19","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01640-z","article-title":"The paradoxical effect of creatine monohydrate on muscle damage markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Doma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-6-13","article-title":"Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals","volume":"6","author":"Cooke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000162690.39830.27","article-title":"Increased IGF mRNA in human skeletal muscle after creatine supplementation","volume":"37","author":"Deldicque","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-1012-2","article-title":"Eccentric exercise, isokinetic muscle torque and delayed onset muscle soreness: The role of reactive oxygen species","volume":"91","author":"Close","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24077","article-title":"Lengthening our perspective: Morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to eccentric exercise","volume":"49","author":"Hyldahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.6164","article-title":"Direct antioxidant properties of creatine","volume":"290","author":"Lawler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.10.035","article-title":"Creatine supplementation affords cytoprotection in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells via direct antioxidant activity","volume":"40","author":"Sestili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-007-0582-4","article-title":"Creatine supplementation reduces plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 after a half-ironman competition","volume":"35","author":"Bassit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.11.036","article-title":"The effect of creatine supplementation upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30 km race","volume":"75","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705316","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of creatine supplementation in endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"139","author":"Nomura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.139477","article-title":"Muscle fatigue: What, why and how it influences muscle function","volume":"586","author":"Enoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.091694","article-title":"Mechanisms of stretch-induced muscle damage in normal and dystrophic muscle: Role of ionic changes","volume":"567","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.607S","article-title":"Does dietary creatine supplementation play a role in skeletal muscle metabolism and performance?","volume":"72","author":"Casey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17842.x","article-title":"Functional coupling between sarcoplasmic-reticulum-bound creatine kinase and Ca2+-ATPase","volume":"213","author":"Korge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"178","article-title":"The effects of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"15","author":"Rawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals3020019","article-title":"Creatine supplementation alleviates fatigue after exercise through anti-inflammatory action in skeletal muscle and brain","volume":"3","author":"Yokota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3339-5","article-title":"Measurement of gastrocnemius muscle elasticity by shear wave elastography: Association with passive ankle joint stiffness and sex differences","volume":"116","author":"Chino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1938.0050","article-title":"The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle","volume":"126","author":"Hill","year":"1938","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00657","article-title":"Muscle-tendon unit properties during eccentric exercise correlate with the creatine kinase response","volume":"8","author":"Hicks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1775895","article-title":"Fruit supplementation reduces indices of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Doma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"448","article-title":"Selected root plant supplementation reduces indices of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Doma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003878","article-title":"Exercise-induced muscle damage during the menstrual cycle: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Cupeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wax, B., Kerksick, C.M., Jagim, A.R., Mayo, J.J., Lyons, B.C., and Kreider, R.B. (2021). Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061915"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/6\/896\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:20Z","timestamp":1760105780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/6\/896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16060896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16060896","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}}}