{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:15:41Z","timestamp":1792019741525,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation","award":["WO2030\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WO2030\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Foundation, University of Bern","award":["WO2030\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WO2030\/1-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim was to determine the association between plaque and gingival inflammation reported by dietary interventions. Data of four clinical studies dealing with changed nutrition and gingival examination were reanalyzed with regard to gingival inflammation (GI), plaque (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Dietary changes basically involved avoiding sugar, white flour and sweetened drinks and focusing on whole foods for 4 weeks. The control groups were to maintain their usual diet. All participants had to reduce their oral hygiene efforts. Linear regression models taking the clustering of the data due to several studies into account were applied. In total, data of 92 participants (control groups: 39, test-groups 53) were reanalyzed. While both groups showed a slight increase in dental plaque, only the test groups showed a significant decrease in inflammatory parameters: GI (mean value difference End-Baseline (\u0394): \u22120.31 (\u00b1SD 0.36)) and BOP (\u0394: \u221215.39% (\u00b116.07)), both p &lt; 0.001. In the control groups, there was a constant relation between PI and GI, while the experimental group showed a decreasing relationship in GI\/PI (p = 0.016), and even an inverted relationship BOP\/PI under a changed diet (p = 0.031). In conclusion, diet seems to be a determining factor how the gingiva reacts towards dental plaque.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T10:58:02Z","timestamp":1711105082000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Is Diet a Determining Factor in the Induction of Gingival Inflammation by Dental Plaque? A Secondary Analysis of Clinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Johan Peter","family":"Woelber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstra\u00dfe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Bartha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Tennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3007-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schlagenhauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Ratka-Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9278-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstin","family":"Vach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Medical School, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 26, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0719","article-title":"Periodontal Health and Gingival Diseases and Conditions on an Intact and a Reduced Periodontium: Consensus Report of Workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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