{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:12:53Z","timestamp":1780477973701,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nutricia Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been suggested as an important factor in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In turn, nutrition has been associated with IGF-I levels and could be of importance in the pathogenesis of BPD. This study aimed to explore the association between nutrition, the IGF-I axis and the occurrence of BPD. Eighty-six preterm infants (44 male, mean gestational age: 29.0 weeks (standard deviation: 1.7 weeks)) were enrolled in an observational study. Serum IGF-I (\u00b5g\/L) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3; mg\/L) were measured at birth and at 2, 4 and 6 weeks postnatal age. BPD was diagnosed at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. Twenty-nine infants were diagnosed with BPD. For every \u00b5g\/L per week increase in IGF-I, the odds of BPD decreased (0.68, 95% CI 0.48\u20130.96, corrected for gestational age). The change in IGF-I in \u00b5g\/L\/week, gestational age in weeks and a week of predominant donor human milk feeding were associated with the occurrence of BPD in the multivariable analysis (respectively, OR 0.63 (0.43\u20130.92), OR 0.44 (0.26\u20130.76) and 7.6 (1.2\u201350.4)). IGFBP-3 was not associated with the occurrence of BPD in the multivariable analysis. In conclusion, a slow increase in IGF-I levels and a lower gestational age increase the odds of BPD. Donor human milk might increase the odds of BPD and should be further explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:17:34Z","timestamp":1711549054000},"page":"957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations between Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dana F. J.","family":"Yumani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floor H.","family":"Walschot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrie N.","family":"Lafeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8086-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam M.","family":"van Weissenbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586107","article-title":"Mechanisms of Lung Injury and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"33","author":"Jobe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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