{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:27:19Z","timestamp":1783700839081,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danone Institute China","award":["DIC2018-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIC2018-11"]}]},{"name":"Danone Institute China","award":["DIC2019-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIC2019-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Water intake and hydration status may potentially influence maternal and child health. However, there is little research regarding this topic. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate pregnant women\u2019s total fluid intake (TFI) levels, hydration status, and body composition and further explore their relationship with infant birth weight. Methods: A 7-day, 24 h fluid intake recorded was applied to determine participants\u2019 TFI levels. Morning urine samples were collected and tested to evaluate their hydration status. Maternal body compositions in their third trimester and infant birth weights were measured. Results: A total of 380 participants completed the study. The TFI was insufficient for pregnant women during their third trimester (median = 1574 mL), with only 12.1% of participants meeting the recommended adequate fluid intake level for pregnant women living in China (1.7 L per day). With the increasing TFI values, the urine osmolality decreased, which showed statistical significance among the four groups (\u03c72 = 22.637, p &lt; 0.05). The participants displayed a poor hydration status. Meanwhile, the percentage of participants who were in dehydrated status decreased (\u03c72 = 67.618, p &lt; 0.05), while body water content and basal metabolic rate increased with the increase in TFI levels (\u03c72 = 20.784, p &lt; 0.05; \u03c72 = 14.026, p &lt; 0.05). There were positive linear relationships between plain water intake, the basal metabolic rate of pregnant women and their infant birth weight (SE = 0.153, p &lt; 0.05; SE = 0.076, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Water intake was insufficient, and poor hydration status was common among pregnant women in China. There may be potential relationships between plain water intake, basal metabolic rate, and infant birth weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:17:34Z","timestamp":1711549054000},"page":"972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Study of Fluid Intake, Hydration Status, and Body Composition of Pregnant Women in Their Third Trimester, and Relationships with Their Infant\u2019s Birth Weight in China: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongye","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, 3 Xue Yuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou 571199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guotian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Medicine, University of Sanya, 191 Xue Yuan Road, Jiyang District, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, 3 Xue Yuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou 571199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haikou Hospital of the Maternal and Child Health, 6 Wen Tan Road, Guo Xing Avenue, Qiongshan District, Haikou 570203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-5980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8022-4597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guansheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society (2023). Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes 2023, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.111","article-title":"Water as an essential nutrient: The physiological basis of hydration","volume":"64","author":"Constant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"697","article-title":"The role of cellular hydration in the regulation of cell function","volume":"313 Pt 3","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"337","article-title":"Hydration status and health","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003213","article-title":"Assessment of hydration status in a large population","volume":"113","author":"Baron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.001","article-title":"Alterations in physiology and anatomy during pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2011.592513","article-title":"Evidence for the intra-uterine programming of adiposity in later life","volume":"38","author":"Fall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoyama, T., Li, D., and Bay, J.L. (2022). Weight gain and nutrition during pregnancy: An analysis of clinical practice guidelines in the Asia-Pacific region. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061288"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"669","article-title":"Plasma volume expansion in early pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Bernstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91018-8","article-title":"A longitudinal study of respiratory changes in normal human pregnancy with cross-sectional data on subjects with pregnancy-induced hypertension","volume":"162","author":"Rees","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199603000-00004","article-title":"Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Crapo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1053\/snep.2001.20937","article-title":"The kidney and hypertension in pregnancy: Twenty exciting years","volume":"21","author":"Lindheimer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-003-0072-4","article-title":"Body composition during normal pregnancy: Reference ranges","volume":"40","author":"Larciprete","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(85)90083-0","article-title":"Muscle cell growth and the distribution of water and electrolyte in human pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Cheek","year":"1985","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(89)80011-4","article-title":"Volume homeostasis and osmoregulation in human pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Davison","year":"1989","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2013.01.012","article-title":"Renal physiology of pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"F105","article-title":"Altered osmotic thresholds for vasopressin secretion and thirst in human pregnancy","volume":"246","author":"Davison","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokorski, M. (2019). Maternal Nutritional and Water Homeostasis as a Presage of Fetal Birth Weight, Springer International Publishing. Advances in Biomedicine.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25373-8"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.780","article-title":"Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in women with a normal and hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"Valensise","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2003.038","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis in the clinical management of preeclamptic women with edema","volume":"31","author":"Yasuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00330-X","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis during pregnancy and neonatal birth weight","volume":"98","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000077586","article-title":"Relation between maternal body composition and birth weight","volume":"86","author":"Sanin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society (2022). Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents: 2022, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardosono, S., Prasmusinto, D., Hadiati, D.R., Purwaka, B.T., Morin, C., Pohan, R., Sunardi, D., Chandra, D.N., and Guelinckx, I. (2016). Fluid intake of pregnant and breastfeeding women in Indonesia: A cross-sectional survey with a seven-day fluid specific record. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110651"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Zhang, F., Lin, G., Wang, X., He, L., Li, Y., Zhai, Y., Zhang, N., and Ma, G. (2023). A study of the intake, hydration status, and health effects among pregnant women in their second trimester in China: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071739"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., An, H., Li, N., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Le, Z., Li, H., Liu, J., and Ye, R. (2022). Preconception Hemoglobin Concentration and Risk of Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Gestational-Age: A Large Prospective Cohort Study in China. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020271"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e849","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30565-5","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in 2015, with trends from 2000: A systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"Blencowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000348384","article-title":"Fetal malnutrition and long-term outcomes","volume":"74","author":"Fall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)91714-1","article-title":"Effect of fat and fat-free mass deposition during pregnancy on birth weight","volume":"167","author":"Villar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103592","article-title":"Drinking water and pregnancy outcome in central North Carolina: Source, amount, and trihalomethane levels","volume":"103","author":"Savitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Body composition and energy metabolism in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"108","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000151751","article-title":"Body composition of women with newborns who are small for gestational age","volume":"95","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10641950600913032","article-title":"Body composition of patients with hypertensive complications during pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Avitia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pross, N., Demazi\u00e8res, A., Girard, N., Barnouin, R., Metzger, D., Klein, A., Perrier, E., and Guelinckx, I. (2014). Effects of changes in water intake on mood of high and low drinkers. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094754"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of the PRC (2013). Anthropometric Measurements Method in Health Surveillance, Standards Press of China."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, N., Liu, S., Du, S., and Ma, G. (2022). Young adults with higher salt intake have Inferior hydration status: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020287"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00531-2","article-title":"The comparison of water intake patterns and hydration biomarkers among young adults with different hydration statuses in Hebei, China","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9436186","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9436186","article-title":"Behaviors of Water Intake, Hydration Status, and Related Hydration Biomarkers among Physically Active Male Young Adults in Beijing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1814-y","article-title":"The amounts and contributions of total drinking fluids and water from food to total water intake of young adults in Baoding, China","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00520.x","article-title":"Fluid intake of adults in four Chinese cities","volume":"70","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1755-5","article-title":"Fluid intake in urban China: Results of the 2016 Liq.In7 national cross-sectional surveys","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"329","article-title":"Analysis of the amount and types of fluid intake among male college students in spring","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"47","article-title":"The effects of intravenous hydration on amniotic fluid index in pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Shahnazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Technical Working Committee of China Beverage Industry Association (2015). General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People\u2019s Republic of China, China National Standardization Administration."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231063","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/231063","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour urine osmolality as a physiological index of adequate water intake","volume":"2015","author":"Perrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0519-5","article-title":"Afternoon urine osmolality is equivalent to 24\u2009h for hydration assessment in healthy children","volume":"74","author":"Suh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2009.00960.x","article-title":"Voluntary dehydration among elementary school children residing in a hot arid environment","volume":"22","author":"Urkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. Off. J. Br. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-01889-z","article-title":"Hydration, dehydration, underhydration, optimal hydration: Are we barking up the wrong tree?","volume":"58","author":"Kavouras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"367","article-title":"Water intake and its influence factors among pregnant and lactating women in some areas of China in 2020","volume":"51","author":"Zhencheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0954-6","article-title":"Total fluid intake assessed with a 7-day fluid record versus a 24-h dietary recall: A crossover study in Indonesian adolescents and adults","volume":"54","author":"Bardosono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, H. (2014). Fluid consumption by Mexican women during pregnancy and first semester of lactation. BioMed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/603282"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.48","article-title":"Estimating drinking-water ingestion and dermal contact with water in a French population of pregnant women: The EDDS cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Dupuis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y., Xie, Z., Lu, X., Luo, H., Pan, H., Lin, X., Wu, J., and Wang, Z. (2021). Water intake in pregnant women in China, 2018: The report of a survey. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072219"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0043-z","article-title":"Adjusting urinary chemical biomarkers for hydration status during pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"MacPherson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"20","article-title":"Osmole of blood and urinary-the most well index for condensing and diluting function of kidney","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pract. Med. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02616-x","article-title":"Variation in urine osmolality throughout pregnancy: A longitudinal, randomized-control trial among women with overweight and obesity","volume":"61","author":"Rosinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.59","article-title":"Effect of dehydration during pregnancy on birth weight and length in West Jakarta","volume":"10","author":"Mulyani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malisova, O., Athanasatou, A., Pepa, A., Husemann, M., Domnik, K., Braun, H., Mora-Rodriguez, R., Ortega, J.F., Fernandez-Elias, V.E., and Kapsokefalou, M. (2016). Water Intake and Hydration Indices in Healthy European Adults: The European Hydration Research Study (EHRS). Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040204"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn, R.G. (2023). Quantifying the daily intake of water from morning and spot urine samples; retrospective analysis of a clinical trial in volunteers. BMC Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-022-00660-2"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stookey, J.J.D. (2016). Negative, Null and Beneficial Effects of Drinking Water on Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation and Weight Change in Randomized Trials: A Qualitative Review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010019"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1438","article-title":"Water drinking induces thermogenesis through osmosensitive mechanisms","volume":"92","author":"Boschmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A.I.L., Mor\u00e1is-Moreno, C., de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, M., Puga, A.M., Partearroyo, T., and Varela-Moreiras, G. (2019). Influence of Water Intake and Balance on Body Composition in Healthy Young Adults from Spain. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081923"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A.I.L., Mor\u00e1is-Moreno, C., de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, M., Puga, A.M., Varela-Moreiras, G., and Partearroyo, T. (2019). Association between Hydration Status and Body Composition in Healthy Adolescents from Spain. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081923"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, J.M., Hoffman, C.S., and Savitz, D.A. (2010). The relationship between water intake and foetal growth and preterm delivery in a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-10-48"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"663","article-title":"Determinants of low birth weight: Methodological assessment and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kramer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70181-X","article-title":"Maternal body fat and water during pregnancy: Do they raise infant birth weight?","volume":"180","author":"Lederman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00596-9","article-title":"Composition of gestational weight gain impacts maternal fat retention and infant birth weight","volume":"189","author":"Butte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2017.60.6.506","article-title":"What is fetal programming?: A lifetime health is under the control of in utero health","volume":"60","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31827a0052","article-title":"Correlation between birth weight and maternal body composition","volume":"121","author":"Kent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minami, M., Naw Awn, J.P., Noguchi, S., Eitoku, M., Muchanga, S.M.J., Mitsuda, N., Komori, K., Yasumitsu-Lovell, K., Maeda, N., and Fujieda, M. (2022). Gestational weight gain mediates the effects of energy intake on birth weight among singleton pregnancies in the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04898-3"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2649-0","article-title":"Circadian variation and responsiveness of hydration biomarkers to changes in daily water intake","volume":"113","author":"Perrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/7\/972\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:19:40Z","timestamp":1760105980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/7\/972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16070972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16070972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]]}}}