{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:20:40Z","timestamp":1792621240477,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Portal hypertension (PH) is a complex clinical challenge with severe complications, including variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. The gut microbiota (GM) and its interconnectedness with human health have emerged as a captivating field of research. This review explores the intricate connections between the gut and the liver, aiming to elucidate how alterations in GM, intestinal barrier function, and gut-derived molecules impact the development and progression of PH. A systematic literature search, following PRISMA guidelines, identified 12 original articles that suggest a relationship between GM, the gut\u2013liver axis, and PH. Mechanisms such as dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, altered microbial structure, and inflammation appear to orchestrate this relationship. One notable study highlights the pivotal role of the farnesoid X receptor axis in regulating the interplay between the gut and liver and proposes it as a promising therapeutic target. Fecal transplantation experiments further emphasize the pathogenic significance of the GM in modulating liver maladies, including PH. Recent advancements in metagenomics and metabolomics have expanded our understanding of the GM\u2019s role in human ailments. The review suggests that addressing the unmet need of identifying gut\u2013liver axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways holds potential for elucidating pathogenesis and directing novel therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T05:42:43Z","timestamp":1711950163000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gut\u2013Liver Axis Dysregulation in Portal Hypertension: Emerging Frontiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology \u201cA. Zambelli\u201d, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"},{"name":"European Institute of Metabolomics (EIM) Foundation, Via G. Puccini, 3, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology \u201cA. Zambelli\u201d, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"},{"name":"European Institute of Metabolomics (EIM) Foundation, Via G. Puccini, 3, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6681-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetta Maria","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Masarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Persico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2731","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Health and Dysbiosis: A Clinical Primer","volume":"42","author":"Bidell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400731","article-title":"The Gut Flora as a Forgotten Organ","volume":"7","author":"Shanahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the Normal Gut Microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. 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