{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:12:17Z","timestamp":1792789937073,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients, Group P\/S, Viby J, Denmark"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High protein intake during infancy results in accelerated early weight gain and potentially later obesity. The aim of this follow-up study at 12 months was to evaluate if modified low-protein formulas fed during early infancy have long-term effects on growth and metabolism. In a double-blinded RCT, the ALFoNS study, 245 healthy-term infants received low-protein formulas with either alpha-lactalbumin-enriched whey (\u03b1-lac-EW; 1.75 g protein\/100 kcal), casein glycomacropeptide-reduced whey (CGMP-RW; 1.76 g protein\/100 kcal), or standard infant formula (SF; 2.2 g protein\/100 kcal) between 2 and 6 months of age. Breastfed (BF) infants served as a reference. At 12 months, anthropometrics and dietary intake were assessed, and serum was analyzed for insulin, C-peptide, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Weight gain between 6 and 12 months and BMI at 12 months were higher in the SF than in the BF infants (p = 0.019; p &lt; 0.001, respectively), but were not significantly different between the low-protein formula groups and the BF group. S-insulin and C-peptide were higher in the SF than in the BF group (p &lt; 0.001; p = 0.003, respectively), but more alike in the low-protein formula groups and the BF group. Serum IGF-1 at 12 months was similar in all study groups. Conclusion: Feeding modified low-protein formula during early infancy seems to reduce insulin resistance, resulting in more similar growth, serum insulin, and C-peptide concentrations to BF infants at 6-months post intervention. Feeding modified low-protein formula during early infancy results in more similar growth, serum insulin, and C-peptide concentrations to BF infants 6-months post intervention, probably due to reduced insulin resistance in the low-protein groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T05:42:43Z","timestamp":1711950163000},"page":"1026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Low-Protein Infant Formula Enriched with Alpha-Lactalbumin during Early Infancy May Reduce Insulin Resistance at 12 Months: A Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Tingh\u00e4ll Nilsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Pediatrics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"L\u00f6nnerdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8841-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olle","family":"Hernell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Staudt","family":"Kvistgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, 8260 Viby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte Neergaard","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, 8260 Viby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Karlsland \u00c5keson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Pediatrics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). 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